Source: Family Health
A recent research has shown that tai chi to fight type 2 diabetes help to improve the patient's immune function, improve their ability to control blood sugar.
The researchers found that patients with type 2 diabetes for 12 weeks of tai chi, its AIC (long-term glycemic control is a measure of a standard) with a significant reduction in the level of its regulatory body cells also increased. This cell will help to maintain the normal function of the immune system.
Chaired the study, Dr. Yang Kunde and his colleagues noted that patients with type 2 diabetes occur in chronic inflammation, although the studies prove that exercise useful to the human body, but strenuous exercise may aggravate the inflammation and even give rise to other diseases. Tai chi can improve balance the body's capacity and cardiopulmonary function. The study also found that tai chi to fight for healthy people's immune system could also be benefited.
Kuender D. Yang and his research team of 32 participants had a 12-week, three hours a week of tai chi training. Study confirmed that fighting tai chi can improve heart and lung function of the human body, thereby enhancing the human immune function and glucose metabolism.
They come to the conclusion that the drug treatment and play an appropriate combination of tai chi, can improve patients with type 2 diabetes glucose metabolism and immune function.
April 18, 2009
can diabetic patients swim?
The form of swimming as a sport for the majority of diabetic patients is generally believed that type 2 diabetes mellitus and blood fat 11.1-116.7mmol / L (200-300mg/dl) below, as well as type 1 diabetes patients were found to be suitable period of stability.
However, it should be noted that the best long-term persist, we must choose a meal half an hour to an hour between, non-fasting and swimming before going to bed. Traveling abroad in order to not feel hard or feel able to insist on hard, open heart rate of about (170 - age) times / two times, or a bit tired and be able to resume after a break for the degree. Diabetes must carry cards and candy / cookies, etc. However, hypoglycemia can I get medical treatment immediately.
In order to avoid the occurrence of low blood sugar may be to monitor blood glucose before and after exercise, such as large fluctuations of blood glucose, blood glucose after exercise is less than 6mmol / L (110mg/dl) can be eating 20g carbohydrate before exercise, and movement in order to ensure we achieve the effect of also to ensure patient safety, it is necessary to advance the necessary medical examination, except in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and other serious complications. Can not be blind to participate in swimming training, so as not to increase the risk of illness or. Direct access to the best of doctors to determine the intensity of swimming, adhere to time and the frequency of swimming.
However, it should be noted that the best long-term persist, we must choose a meal half an hour to an hour between, non-fasting and swimming before going to bed. Traveling abroad in order to not feel hard or feel able to insist on hard, open heart rate of about (170 - age) times / two times, or a bit tired and be able to resume after a break for the degree. Diabetes must carry cards and candy / cookies, etc. However, hypoglycemia can I get medical treatment immediately.
In order to avoid the occurrence of low blood sugar may be to monitor blood glucose before and after exercise, such as large fluctuations of blood glucose, blood glucose after exercise is less than 6mmol / L (110mg/dl) can be eating 20g carbohydrate before exercise, and movement in order to ensure we achieve the effect of also to ensure patient safety, it is necessary to advance the necessary medical examination, except in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and other serious complications. Can not be blind to participate in swimming training, so as not to increase the risk of illness or. Direct access to the best of doctors to determine the intensity of swimming, adhere to time and the frequency of swimming.
Under what circumstances should not exercise?
Author: Anonymous Source: Health hit
Under the following conditions should avoid sports or exercise should be reduced:
⑴ poor glycemic control: an excessive amount of movement may cause further increase in blood sugar, and even cause diabetic ketoacidosis;
⑵ heavier macrovascular complications of diabetes: the choice of a good time to exercise strict and have a good amount of exercise, in order to avoid high blood pressure and cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction and the occurrence of lower limb necrosis;
⑶ diabetic retinopathy heavier: in patients with retinal microvascular abnormalities, increased permeability, excessive exercise can increase the fundus lesions, and even larger vessels in the eye caused by bleeding, the visual impact on patients, so it should not be engaged in more physical activity exercise ;
⑷ more serious diabetic nephropathy: excessive Games so an increase in renal blood flow, increased urinary protein excretion of to speed up the progress of diabetic nephropathy, such patients are not suitable for more intense physical activity;
⑸ other stress situations: including a variety of infections, cardiac or cerebral vascular diseases have not yet stable, diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma recovery. Of course, in addition to the existence of emergency situations, the diabetic patients did not complete the necessary bed rest, and should adhere to a certain amount of movement, even the partial exercise. A key problem is that exercise and physical activity to be appropriate.
Under the following conditions should avoid sports or exercise should be reduced:
⑴ poor glycemic control: an excessive amount of movement may cause further increase in blood sugar, and even cause diabetic ketoacidosis;
⑵ heavier macrovascular complications of diabetes: the choice of a good time to exercise strict and have a good amount of exercise, in order to avoid high blood pressure and cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction and the occurrence of lower limb necrosis;
⑶ diabetic retinopathy heavier: in patients with retinal microvascular abnormalities, increased permeability, excessive exercise can increase the fundus lesions, and even larger vessels in the eye caused by bleeding, the visual impact on patients, so it should not be engaged in more physical activity exercise ;
⑷ more serious diabetic nephropathy: excessive Games so an increase in renal blood flow, increased urinary protein excretion of to speed up the progress of diabetic nephropathy, such patients are not suitable for more intense physical activity;
⑸ other stress situations: including a variety of infections, cardiac or cerebral vascular diseases have not yet stable, diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma recovery. Of course, in addition to the existence of emergency situations, the diabetic patients did not complete the necessary bed rest, and should adhere to a certain amount of movement, even the partial exercise. A key problem is that exercise and physical activity to be appropriate.
Elderly diabetic patients also need to exercise
"Doctor, I diabetes more than ten years has been oral hypoglycemic medication, need to exercise?", The elderly often have to mention this problem.
The answer is yes: the elderly diabetic patients, in addition to diet control and medication, but also the need for appropriate training. Appropriate exercise can increase the body muscle microvascular blood circulation and local expansion, making glucose oxidation and glycolysis, increasing muscle cells to glucose uptake and utilization, so that the body gradually decrease high blood sugar, improve glucose tolerance; Secondly, the appropriate campaign to increase islet B cells to respond to the sensitivity of glucose and increase peripheral sensitivity to insulin organizations to improve the combination of insulin with the receptor, thereby reducing insulin resistance. This obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes (accounting for 90% of patients with diabetes), the drug not only can the use of physical therapy to restore and maintain blood glucose at a normal range. In addition, the appropriate degree of movement can also lose weight, reducing blood fat, softening the blood vessel, thereby improving heart and lung function, slow down the process of vascular complications. Therefore, regardless of fat or thin, exercise should be carried out.
Physical activity of diabetes should be according to their preferences, habits, physical circumstances, should pay attention to the following areas:
A sport. Generally feasible in the main exercise, and some may be jogging training, medical gymnastics, health, work, play tai chi, dancing, swimming, cycling and so on.
Second, exercise intensity. The intensity of the exercises can be used in calculating the movement of the pulse rate per minute for reference, a simple formula for the "movement of the pulse rate = 170 - age." Small amount of exercise should be gradual, and in order for the degree of tolerance. As the frequency of movement to 4-6 days per week, preferably about 30 minutes a day.
Third, time. The general movement of the right time is 60-90 minutes after the meal, at this time can be better to avoid hypoglycemia, the exercise so as to achieve better results. Attention to the application of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin can not be immediately after the exercise, in order to avoid a temporary low blood sugar.
Fourth, On a regular basis, can not be hurried. Sometimes the disease may occur repeatedly, we should not fear failure, and medical personnel with timely summing up both positive and negative experiences, and continuously improve the treatment.
The answer is yes: the elderly diabetic patients, in addition to diet control and medication, but also the need for appropriate training. Appropriate exercise can increase the body muscle microvascular blood circulation and local expansion, making glucose oxidation and glycolysis, increasing muscle cells to glucose uptake and utilization, so that the body gradually decrease high blood sugar, improve glucose tolerance; Secondly, the appropriate campaign to increase islet B cells to respond to the sensitivity of glucose and increase peripheral sensitivity to insulin organizations to improve the combination of insulin with the receptor, thereby reducing insulin resistance. This obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes (accounting for 90% of patients with diabetes), the drug not only can the use of physical therapy to restore and maintain blood glucose at a normal range. In addition, the appropriate degree of movement can also lose weight, reducing blood fat, softening the blood vessel, thereby improving heart and lung function, slow down the process of vascular complications. Therefore, regardless of fat or thin, exercise should be carried out.
Physical activity of diabetes should be according to their preferences, habits, physical circumstances, should pay attention to the following areas:
A sport. Generally feasible in the main exercise, and some may be jogging training, medical gymnastics, health, work, play tai chi, dancing, swimming, cycling and so on.
Second, exercise intensity. The intensity of the exercises can be used in calculating the movement of the pulse rate per minute for reference, a simple formula for the "movement of the pulse rate = 170 - age." Small amount of exercise should be gradual, and in order for the degree of tolerance. As the frequency of movement to 4-6 days per week, preferably about 30 minutes a day.
Third, time. The general movement of the right time is 60-90 minutes after the meal, at this time can be better to avoid hypoglycemia, the exercise so as to achieve better results. Attention to the application of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin can not be immediately after the exercise, in order to avoid a temporary low blood sugar.
Fourth, On a regular basis, can not be hurried. Sometimes the disease may occur repeatedly, we should not fear failure, and medical personnel with timely summing up both positive and negative experiences, and continuously improve the treatment.
Exercise about diabetes
To date, no effective method to tackle diabetes. Diabetes experts to exercise and diet to control diabetes is called "the cornerstone of the two" only "the cornerstone of" strong drugs in order to play its due effect. So, diabetic patients should pay attention to what campaign?
Campaign to choose the best time in patients with diabetes should be selected in 1 ~ 2 hours after meal, so when the blood sugar to peak, sports contribute to the rapid conversion of blood glucose. Exercise based on their condition, physical, loving, site and climate conditions. Should be conditional options (light) of the generalized degree of movement, such as ball games, such as high and. Campaign will enable diabetics to increase insulin sensitivity, and promote the body than the rest when organizations make greater use of blood sugar, lowering blood glucose in general; exercise can speed up the fat metabolism, increasing high-density lipoprotein and is conducive to weight loss, Prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications of diabetes such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, etc.; body movement to enhance the body organs especially the heart and brain of immune lung diseases of liver and kidney function, diabetes resist violations of the organ; can make the body immune ball protein and a variety of antibodies, to increase the capacity of the body adapt to stress and improve body metabolism.
Campaign to "Constant" for your exercise varies from person to person, generally 30 ~ 60 minutes each time, a little sweat after exercise, mild fatigue, but not breathless, heart rate around 120 times per minute is appropriate. Movement should be from time to time, quantitative, due to a lack of insulin in diabetic patients, as ordinary people do not like to live with the situation in a variety of stress-induced changes in glucose regulation of the corresponding insulin secretion, so life, diet, medication and exercise should be regular, quantitative, so that the balance of their state from time to time.
Movement, free movement should be not an empty stomach in order to avoid hypoglycemia shock, morning exercises before a glass of milk or eat a few biscuits and cakes brought more candy, the movement If there hunger, heart palpitations and dizziness, sweating, such as weak low glucose precursors and immediately added energy. There are complications in elderly diabetic patients, such as serious liver and kidney dysfunction, arrhythmias, arteriosclerosis, severe hypertension and vascular embolization,etc,should exercise under the guidance of a doctor.
Campaign to choose the best time in patients with diabetes should be selected in 1 ~ 2 hours after meal, so when the blood sugar to peak, sports contribute to the rapid conversion of blood glucose. Exercise based on their condition, physical, loving, site and climate conditions. Should be conditional options (light) of the generalized degree of movement, such as ball games, such as high and. Campaign will enable diabetics to increase insulin sensitivity, and promote the body than the rest when organizations make greater use of blood sugar, lowering blood glucose in general; exercise can speed up the fat metabolism, increasing high-density lipoprotein and is conducive to weight loss, Prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications of diabetes such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, etc.; body movement to enhance the body organs especially the heart and brain of immune lung diseases of liver and kidney function, diabetes resist violations of the organ; can make the body immune ball protein and a variety of antibodies, to increase the capacity of the body adapt to stress and improve body metabolism.
Campaign to "Constant" for your exercise varies from person to person, generally 30 ~ 60 minutes each time, a little sweat after exercise, mild fatigue, but not breathless, heart rate around 120 times per minute is appropriate. Movement should be from time to time, quantitative, due to a lack of insulin in diabetic patients, as ordinary people do not like to live with the situation in a variety of stress-induced changes in glucose regulation of the corresponding insulin secretion, so life, diet, medication and exercise should be regular, quantitative, so that the balance of their state from time to time.
Movement, free movement should be not an empty stomach in order to avoid hypoglycemia shock, morning exercises before a glass of milk or eat a few biscuits and cakes brought more candy, the movement If there hunger, heart palpitations and dizziness, sweating, such as weak low glucose precursors and immediately added energy. There are complications in elderly diabetic patients, such as serious liver and kidney dysfunction, arrhythmias, arteriosclerosis, severe hypertension and vascular embolization,etc,should exercise under the guidance of a doctor.
diabetic patients should be careful of exercise fatigue
1, diabetes exercise, should not feel for the degree of fatigue. Fatigue will increase blood sugar.
2, movement must be consistent with diet therapy, medication organic combination.
3, when patients with heart disease, kidney disease and retinal disease, the exercise not be too big, not too long time. Because of the intense activity can increase myocardial oxygen consumption, resulting in myocardial ischemia, caused by angina, or myocardial infarction. In addition, the movement can make blood pressure rise, leading to vitreous and retinal hemorrhage in patients with risk.
4, injection of insulin or oral sulfonylureas in patients, in the exercise should be the prevention of low blood sugar reactions and, if necessary, appropriate snacks;
5, movement should be sustained unless there is acute complications, may not be interrupted.
2, movement must be consistent with diet therapy, medication organic combination.
3, when patients with heart disease, kidney disease and retinal disease, the exercise not be too big, not too long time. Because of the intense activity can increase myocardial oxygen consumption, resulting in myocardial ischemia, caused by angina, or myocardial infarction. In addition, the movement can make blood pressure rise, leading to vitreous and retinal hemorrhage in patients with risk.
4, injection of insulin or oral sulfonylureas in patients, in the exercise should be the prevention of low blood sugar reactions and, if necessary, appropriate snacks;
5, movement should be sustained unless there is acute complications, may not be interrupted.
Exercise therapy can effectively control blood glucose
Author: dingx
Enable the muscle movement in the relatively lower concentration of plasma insulin and insulin-insensitive (that is, insulin resistance) to strengthen and free fatty acids on glucose uptake and utilization, use of sports to promote fat, reduce weight, increase the skeletal muscle cells to insulin-sensitive , and to promote the use of glucose, reducing the burden of β cells to correct the relative lack of insulin caused by insulin resistance or glucose metabolism disorder. Hypoglycemic exercise therapy is to improve the mechanism of the main target tissue of insulin sensitivity and improve glucose and fat metabolism, increase the body of the hormone to maintain a stable blood glucose regulation, while improving physical strength and ability to work to promote health, enhance physical fitness, reduce infections, reduce the coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, such as complications.
Exercise therapy and attention to a matter of choice
Exercise therapy in diabetes or endocrinology, under the guidance of physicians to develop individualized programs. Movement therapy is the original program of the same drug treatment based on mild to moderate endurance exercise. Each campaign lasted 30-60 minutes each time before the event must be 5-10 minutes of warming-up, five minutes after exercise should be the collation of the activities around.
Patients with diabetes can choose according to personal characteristics and interest in sports, such as: walking, tai chi, playing, swimming, hiking, biking and so on, so as to not exercise for the degree of fatigue, at least a week 3-5 times. Activity is too small and the activities of a short time there is no significant lowering blood glucose role.
The timing of movement should be to avoid insulin or hypoglycemic drug blood concentration reached a peak time for physical movement at the same time should avoid insulin injections, so as not to accelerate the absorption of insulin, hypoglycemia. Time the general election campaign in the postprandial half an hour to 1 hour is better. Movement before or after exercise discretion to reduce the insulin dose. At the same time, the sports front and rear or the middle of the discretion to increase the diet to avoid hypoglycemia, can carry more exercise biscuits or fruit sugar, eat a little if necessary. Do not short-term sudden strenuous exercise, so as not to lead to stress-induced hyperglycemia. In addition, it is necessary to regularly check blood sugar, exercise therapy at any time to observe the course of the reaction of the body so that exercise control.
For school-age children should be aware that children's growth and development movement is an important part. Therefore, the movement is equally important for diabetic children, but must be in a better glycemic control the conduct of campaigns. Sometimes special diabetic patients in strenuous exercise will hypoglycemia, if, after eating, after exercise or movement that, when necessary, serve sugary beverages on the incidence of hypoglycemia can be avoided. If recurrent hypoglycemia, insulin dosage should be reduced. Diabetes no restrictions on school-age children in physical education or sports training, but not too much movement. 1 hour postprandial about the proposed movement is better, not low blood sugar.
Enable the muscle movement in the relatively lower concentration of plasma insulin and insulin-insensitive (that is, insulin resistance) to strengthen and free fatty acids on glucose uptake and utilization, use of sports to promote fat, reduce weight, increase the skeletal muscle cells to insulin-sensitive , and to promote the use of glucose, reducing the burden of β cells to correct the relative lack of insulin caused by insulin resistance or glucose metabolism disorder. Hypoglycemic exercise therapy is to improve the mechanism of the main target tissue of insulin sensitivity and improve glucose and fat metabolism, increase the body of the hormone to maintain a stable blood glucose regulation, while improving physical strength and ability to work to promote health, enhance physical fitness, reduce infections, reduce the coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, such as complications.
Exercise therapy and attention to a matter of choice
Exercise therapy in diabetes or endocrinology, under the guidance of physicians to develop individualized programs. Movement therapy is the original program of the same drug treatment based on mild to moderate endurance exercise. Each campaign lasted 30-60 minutes each time before the event must be 5-10 minutes of warming-up, five minutes after exercise should be the collation of the activities around.
Patients with diabetes can choose according to personal characteristics and interest in sports, such as: walking, tai chi, playing, swimming, hiking, biking and so on, so as to not exercise for the degree of fatigue, at least a week 3-5 times. Activity is too small and the activities of a short time there is no significant lowering blood glucose role.
The timing of movement should be to avoid insulin or hypoglycemic drug blood concentration reached a peak time for physical movement at the same time should avoid insulin injections, so as not to accelerate the absorption of insulin, hypoglycemia. Time the general election campaign in the postprandial half an hour to 1 hour is better. Movement before or after exercise discretion to reduce the insulin dose. At the same time, the sports front and rear or the middle of the discretion to increase the diet to avoid hypoglycemia, can carry more exercise biscuits or fruit sugar, eat a little if necessary. Do not short-term sudden strenuous exercise, so as not to lead to stress-induced hyperglycemia. In addition, it is necessary to regularly check blood sugar, exercise therapy at any time to observe the course of the reaction of the body so that exercise control.
For school-age children should be aware that children's growth and development movement is an important part. Therefore, the movement is equally important for diabetic children, but must be in a better glycemic control the conduct of campaigns. Sometimes special diabetic patients in strenuous exercise will hypoglycemia, if, after eating, after exercise or movement that, when necessary, serve sugary beverages on the incidence of hypoglycemia can be avoided. If recurrent hypoglycemia, insulin dosage should be reduced. Diabetes no restrictions on school-age children in physical education or sports training, but not too much movement. 1 hour postprandial about the proposed movement is better, not low blood sugar.
Exercise therapy of diabetes
Author:bowzhenlin
Healthy people should be carried out at least half an hour of physical exercise, diabetes is no exception to the people even more. Especially in obese diabetic people, the movement necessary, more often than not they will obtain the simple diet hypoglycemic effect. Province, the Second Hospital of Endocrinology, the sport can improve blood sugar, promote blood circulation, alleviate mild to moderate high blood pressure, lose weight, improve insulin sensitivity and reduce insulin resistance, improve blood lipids situation. A survey showed that more than seven hours a week training the women with the possibility of type 2 diabetes is less than half an hour per week exercise half.
By: aerobic exercise, jogging, brisk walking best
Diabetes how do sports? First of all, should be based on their specific circumstances to determine the manner and timing of movement, in stable condition, the day can be carried out sooner or later, 30 to 60 minutes of activity on the young and middle-aged patients with no serious complications in the premise, may have Movement of oxygen metabolism. The so-called aerobic exercise, is that the process in motion through the breathing and heart rate speed up to meet the physical needs of the muscles of oxygen increase in the movement of oxygen supply and demand reach equilibrium. Aerobic metabolism is a mild to moderate sports exercise, following exercise are aerobic exercise, such as jogging, fast walking, dancing fitness dance, table tennis, cycling, rope skipping, swimming, stair climbing, mountain climbing and so on. The elderly diabetic person may do whatever mild exercise, such as tai chi, walking and so on.
Strength: exercise, but also natural to talk
To measure exercise intensity is the most concise exercise whether in natural conversation, whole body heat, sweating, but not dripping sweat and panting, to speak, but you can not sing. Usually for the young and middle-aged non-heart patients during exercise heart rate of 120 ~ 130 times / min, is generally safe. The timing of movement, and follow the movement Trilogy: 5 ~ 10 minutes warm-up, exercise 20 to 30 minutes, 5 ~ 10 minutes to relax activities.
Time: one hour after dinner, not low blood sugar
Healthy people should be carried out at least half an hour of physical exercise, diabetes is no exception to the people even more. Especially in obese diabetic people, the movement necessary, more often than not they will obtain the simple diet hypoglycemic effect. Province, the Second Hospital of Endocrinology, the sport can improve blood sugar, promote blood circulation, alleviate mild to moderate high blood pressure, lose weight, improve insulin sensitivity and reduce insulin resistance, improve blood lipids situation. A survey showed that more than seven hours a week training the women with the possibility of type 2 diabetes is less than half an hour per week exercise half.
By: aerobic exercise, jogging, brisk walking best
Diabetes how do sports? First of all, should be based on their specific circumstances to determine the manner and timing of movement, in stable condition, the day can be carried out sooner or later, 30 to 60 minutes of activity on the young and middle-aged patients with no serious complications in the premise, may have Movement of oxygen metabolism. The so-called aerobic exercise, is that the process in motion through the breathing and heart rate speed up to meet the physical needs of the muscles of oxygen increase in the movement of oxygen supply and demand reach equilibrium. Aerobic metabolism is a mild to moderate sports exercise, following exercise are aerobic exercise, such as jogging, fast walking, dancing fitness dance, table tennis, cycling, rope skipping, swimming, stair climbing, mountain climbing and so on. The elderly diabetic person may do whatever mild exercise, such as tai chi, walking and so on.
Strength: exercise, but also natural to talk
To measure exercise intensity is the most concise exercise whether in natural conversation, whole body heat, sweating, but not dripping sweat and panting, to speak, but you can not sing. Usually for the young and middle-aged non-heart patients during exercise heart rate of 120 ~ 130 times / min, is generally safe. The timing of movement, and follow the movement Trilogy: 5 ~ 10 minutes warm-up, exercise 20 to 30 minutes, 5 ~ 10 minutes to relax activities.
Time: one hour after dinner, not low blood sugar
Diabetes winter sports plans
Winter minimum temperature of the year, at least seasonal outdoor activities. Some yet to develop a sound exercise habits of people should now begin to develop training plans, in particular, obesity overweight people, the winter is mainly to reduce body weight by fat. As for the shortage of body weight for muscle, the same body through the muscles to increase the proportion of movement.
May not be quite as thin
Too thin, less muscle, weakness, may be less chance of suffering from coronary heart disease, but the decline in immunity for TB or other infectious disease resistance on the weak, including the risk of cancer than obese people. Thin or fat women in the low lead to irregular menstruation, and even affect fertility. Reasonable exercise, strength training is appropriate to change the status quo.
The beginning of winter it
According to statistics, even the basic normal body composition, and to maintain regular physical activity ratio is not high, although the degree of symmetry measured from a good size, but the degree of genetic relationship with the great, can not be completely representative of the lifestyle they are now fully no problem. And acquired good habits is to maintain and improve the body.
All normal, but those who did not exercise habits
● choice of security, is interested, can persist in the way of movement. Such as brisk walking, go to run the turn, slow or climbing爬楼; middle-aged and elderly do not choose the best security is low but the fun of football, basketball category.
● exercise intensity: the most important step-by-step. Walking at three levels.
First class: November campaigns quiet maximal heart rate than their heart rate (pulse rate) increased by 20 ~ 40 times / min, such as the quiet heart rate of 70 times / min, exercise 20 minutes later to find their own pulse of 90 ~ 100 times / points.
Grade II: Campaign in December of heart rate (pulse rate) can be increased to 110 ~ 120 times / min, this time clock may be the beginning of the morning down 2 to 4 times / min shows that the effective exercise. If you do not fall but rose by 6 ~ 10 times / min, it is necessary to look for reasons, it is great exercise, or cold or other diseases. If the only response to the movement, then the exercise intensity be reduced to maintain the initial level. People over the age of 50 remain at that level, or slightly faster, the pulse in the 120 ~ 130 times / min to reach a target heart rate movements.
Level three: physical self-growth, the exercise intensity can be increased one level, the largest pulse of the movement to reach 130 ~ 140 times / min, but not the whole exercise intensity are such a large, accounting for 1 / 3 can.
● Frequency: at least three times a week (the next day a surprise than three times better over the weekend).
● time: an average of more than half an hour a day, at least not less than 20 minutes.
Obese or overweight, fat, overweight people
Sports at least weekly consumption of 1400 ~ 1600 kcal. Daily caloric intake based on the original a little adjustment to reduce the 5 grams of vegetable oil (by 45 kcal); eating pork for chicken or fish for the fire (by 50 kcal); eat less meat to eat more corn stick (by 50 kcal), total daily calorie intake less than 100 ~ 145 kcal. Less weekly intake of 700 ~ 1015 kcal, 1500 kcal more exercise, add up the negative more than 2000 kcal per month 10000 ~ 8000 kcal negative, a winter down to minus four kilograms of fat.
Weight loss, muscle less people
Thin Man swimming for the role of an increase in fat. Strength exercises to increase the role of muscle block. The role of women more than men. Women before and after menopause due to low hormone levels, regardless of weight or by the speed of muscle will be much lower than men, it is not too high to set their own targets, so as to avoid nutritional imbalances, low immunity.
May not be quite as thin
Too thin, less muscle, weakness, may be less chance of suffering from coronary heart disease, but the decline in immunity for TB or other infectious disease resistance on the weak, including the risk of cancer than obese people. Thin or fat women in the low lead to irregular menstruation, and even affect fertility. Reasonable exercise, strength training is appropriate to change the status quo.
The beginning of winter it
According to statistics, even the basic normal body composition, and to maintain regular physical activity ratio is not high, although the degree of symmetry measured from a good size, but the degree of genetic relationship with the great, can not be completely representative of the lifestyle they are now fully no problem. And acquired good habits is to maintain and improve the body.
All normal, but those who did not exercise habits
● choice of security, is interested, can persist in the way of movement. Such as brisk walking, go to run the turn, slow or climbing爬楼; middle-aged and elderly do not choose the best security is low but the fun of football, basketball category.
● exercise intensity: the most important step-by-step. Walking at three levels.
First class: November campaigns quiet maximal heart rate than their heart rate (pulse rate) increased by 20 ~ 40 times / min, such as the quiet heart rate of 70 times / min, exercise 20 minutes later to find their own pulse of 90 ~ 100 times / points.
Grade II: Campaign in December of heart rate (pulse rate) can be increased to 110 ~ 120 times / min, this time clock may be the beginning of the morning down 2 to 4 times / min shows that the effective exercise. If you do not fall but rose by 6 ~ 10 times / min, it is necessary to look for reasons, it is great exercise, or cold or other diseases. If the only response to the movement, then the exercise intensity be reduced to maintain the initial level. People over the age of 50 remain at that level, or slightly faster, the pulse in the 120 ~ 130 times / min to reach a target heart rate movements.
Level three: physical self-growth, the exercise intensity can be increased one level, the largest pulse of the movement to reach 130 ~ 140 times / min, but not the whole exercise intensity are such a large, accounting for 1 / 3 can.
● Frequency: at least three times a week (the next day a surprise than three times better over the weekend).
● time: an average of more than half an hour a day, at least not less than 20 minutes.
Obese or overweight, fat, overweight people
Sports at least weekly consumption of 1400 ~ 1600 kcal. Daily caloric intake based on the original a little adjustment to reduce the 5 grams of vegetable oil (by 45 kcal); eating pork for chicken or fish for the fire (by 50 kcal); eat less meat to eat more corn stick (by 50 kcal), total daily calorie intake less than 100 ~ 145 kcal. Less weekly intake of 700 ~ 1015 kcal, 1500 kcal more exercise, add up the negative more than 2000 kcal per month 10000 ~ 8000 kcal negative, a winter down to minus four kilograms of fat.
Weight loss, muscle less people
Thin Man swimming for the role of an increase in fat. Strength exercises to increase the role of muscle block. The role of women more than men. Women before and after menopause due to low hormone levels, regardless of weight or by the speed of muscle will be much lower than men, it is not too high to set their own targets, so as to avoid nutritional imbalances, low immunity.
Before and after exercise attention for diabetic patients (part 2)
(4) diet before exercise: 1 hour before exercise, it should be appropriate to eat some food, drink sports drinks to add a little energy, which would to some extent, enhance the quality movement. Can choose some good food to digest, highly nutritious things; If there are no conditions, then to drink sports drinks, can be used in place of the water.
① control of food intake: more than one hours exercise will make the big people's appetites, but in any case, sports are not an excuse to eat a big meal. If the movement can be increased after the intake of calories, then the objective of weight control can not be achieved.
② should take what kind of diet: At the beginning of movement in 1 hour before eating. This is to avoid physical activity and lead to digestive disorders. Similarly, it is difficult to avoid eating the food to digest, such as succulent vegetables, fried foods. Day-to-day meals and small snacks can make the body from time to time and add nutrients regularly.
Breakfast and snacks when the edible: dairy products, cereals, fruit, drinks.
Lunch and dinner to eat: raw vegetables, bread, dairy products, a fruit, there are at least guaranteed a meal of meat or fish; if there is a meal to ensure that cooking vegetables, there will be another meal of food containing starch. We should not hesitate to intake an adequate amount of fruits and vegetables because they contain antioxidant ingredients (vitamin C and vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, etc.) and free radicals can, because an excessive amount of free radicals will erode our cells inside the body.
No matter what kind of movement, each movement should be pre-and post-exercise blood glucose level test. If the movement time, movement to the middle of measurement. Of course, in the increase or decrease in amount of exercise should be preceded by discussion and doctors. How did it begin to campaign on how to balance exercise, diet and drug therapy to achieve the three effective diabetes control, doctors often have some useful suggestions.
(5) warm-up before exercise: warm-up time is not it on the toilet, drink or chat with others. Experts point out that really take some time to clear Jinluoring only when the body heat, blood circulation, speed up, joint and muscle movements are fully before the movement of patients to reduce the chance of injury.
(6) adjustments after exercise: fitness after the heat as the body needs to warm-up fitness as important as before, because the body will take some time to restore the normal steady state. Otherwise, the heart is overloaded, it is certainly not conducive to the patient. Fitness experts suggested that after the intense need for some of the slow movement, slow and orderly manner in order to loose thermal emission, so that heart rate returned to 120 per minute or less under the more. If not, the most natural is the detector itself, so long as the spirit of focusing on their own bodies.
(7) movement Note: The best cup of water before exercise, the net emission urine, while some also thought to bring candy, cookies or chocolate, used for hypoglycemia; I do a good job in protection movement, If at the end of anti-wear soft shoes, wearing knee pad to protect the heel, etc.; the movement of any physical discomfort, such as dizziness, vertigo, foot nausea, heart block, etc., should be an immediate cessation of movement; campaign, the Department should not be parked in the air, there are conditions, such as Khan, should be dry after the bath slowly, preventing a cold, can reduce fatigue.
① control of food intake: more than one hours exercise will make the big people's appetites, but in any case, sports are not an excuse to eat a big meal. If the movement can be increased after the intake of calories, then the objective of weight control can not be achieved.
② should take what kind of diet: At the beginning of movement in 1 hour before eating. This is to avoid physical activity and lead to digestive disorders. Similarly, it is difficult to avoid eating the food to digest, such as succulent vegetables, fried foods. Day-to-day meals and small snacks can make the body from time to time and add nutrients regularly.
Breakfast and snacks when the edible: dairy products, cereals, fruit, drinks.
Lunch and dinner to eat: raw vegetables, bread, dairy products, a fruit, there are at least guaranteed a meal of meat or fish; if there is a meal to ensure that cooking vegetables, there will be another meal of food containing starch. We should not hesitate to intake an adequate amount of fruits and vegetables because they contain antioxidant ingredients (vitamin C and vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, etc.) and free radicals can, because an excessive amount of free radicals will erode our cells inside the body.
No matter what kind of movement, each movement should be pre-and post-exercise blood glucose level test. If the movement time, movement to the middle of measurement. Of course, in the increase or decrease in amount of exercise should be preceded by discussion and doctors. How did it begin to campaign on how to balance exercise, diet and drug therapy to achieve the three effective diabetes control, doctors often have some useful suggestions.
(5) warm-up before exercise: warm-up time is not it on the toilet, drink or chat with others. Experts point out that really take some time to clear Jinluoring only when the body heat, blood circulation, speed up, joint and muscle movements are fully before the movement of patients to reduce the chance of injury.
(6) adjustments after exercise: fitness after the heat as the body needs to warm-up fitness as important as before, because the body will take some time to restore the normal steady state. Otherwise, the heart is overloaded, it is certainly not conducive to the patient. Fitness experts suggested that after the intense need for some of the slow movement, slow and orderly manner in order to loose thermal emission, so that heart rate returned to 120 per minute or less under the more. If not, the most natural is the detector itself, so long as the spirit of focusing on their own bodies.
(7) movement Note: The best cup of water before exercise, the net emission urine, while some also thought to bring candy, cookies or chocolate, used for hypoglycemia; I do a good job in protection movement, If at the end of anti-wear soft shoes, wearing knee pad to protect the heel, etc.; the movement of any physical discomfort, such as dizziness, vertigo, foot nausea, heart block, etc., should be an immediate cessation of movement; campaign, the Department should not be parked in the air, there are conditions, such as Khan, should be dry after the bath slowly, preventing a cold, can reduce fatigue.
Before and after exercise attention for diabetic patients (part 1)
Started before the new campaign, we must make preparations. Careful arrangements to do a good job, for example, to check before exercise, dress and diet, such as during exercise. In particular, to the hospital to make the necessary checks, such as blood glucose monitoring, urine, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, such as liver and kidney function and blood lipids, according to the formulation of exercise intensity results.
Heart rate is usually reflected in the movement of the exercise intensity, the simplest way is to use 170 minus age heart rate as appropriate. Immediately after exercise the pulse intensity can be used as indicators of whether it is appropriate, if the pulse of more than indicators that too much exercise intensity, heart load heavy, harmful to the human body. If the pulse rate was less than target exercise intensity that is too small, then achieving the desired effects. The following should be done before exercise preparations.
(1) movement before the examination: patients with diabetes before the implementation of the program should go to the hospital to conduct a comprehensive inspection system, including blood pressure, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, electrocardiogram, eye, kidney function checks. Heart function tests are sometimes necessary. Should be to establish a good relationship between doctor, asked the doctors to plan a sensible campaign. Movement of all diabetes treatment should be asked to conduct a comprehensive medical history and examination. ① check blood sugar, urine sugar, to know their blood glucose levels to determine how to adjust diet exercise and medication, exercise and then check blood sugar, urine sugar, observing the effects of exercise on blood sugar; ② check ECG, in the case of old age or in patients with lung conditions should be measured lung function, blood pressure, fundus inspection, there are serious cardiopulmonary dysfunction or fundus, such as a history of bleeding should not participate in sports, such as a rise in blood pressure after exercise, lack of eye bleeding or cardiac blood, should be to stop or reduce the movement.
(2) pre-movement: before exercise, it is necessary to choose the right shoes and socks, to pay special attention to footwear and aeration confined. Should choose the safety of sports venues, looking for a competent partner to the sport. To avoid movement alone. The principle of dress is:
Hot weather - wear lightweight cotton fabric that can absorb sweat and moisture evaporation so as to maintain normal body temperature.
Cold season - the multi-layered clothing to wear thin, multi-layered clothes have more clothes than the single-layer capacity of the insulation, and heat in the campaign is, you can take off layers of clothes. Wear out than to wear leather and cotton wool products. Hat, gloves to prevent body heat loss.
Humid weather - water and air permeability of cotton fabric, and more appropriate.
Exercise the right to wear the shoes is also important, as many patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, resulting in the feeling of foot plantar skin thickening decreased or harden, so easy to damage the feet, when exercise wear loose, comfortable soft soles , good shoes uppers ventilation. Such as sports shoes, rubber shoes.
(3) timing campaign: Some people used to exercise the morning when fasting, it was eaten that night exercise after a meal, what in the end the best time to exercise? We think that breakfast or dinner or a half-hour after after 1 hour and more appropriate training. Fasting exercise likely to cause fluctuations in blood sugar may be caused due to delay meal blood sugar is too low, there is no medication may also be due to too high of blood sugar, so the best time to campaign on the meal. Function of the digestive system in order to avoid the effects of physical exercise is best to eat more than half an hour after the end of another.
Diabetic patients must adhere to "Sanding" principle, including regular quantitative diet, regular exercise or from time to time quantitative quantitative Jiangtang drug use, there is particular emphasis on the timing of quantitative physical exercise, often it was not, and only do this, can we really achieve the purpose of physical exercise.
Heart rate is usually reflected in the movement of the exercise intensity, the simplest way is to use 170 minus age heart rate as appropriate. Immediately after exercise the pulse intensity can be used as indicators of whether it is appropriate, if the pulse of more than indicators that too much exercise intensity, heart load heavy, harmful to the human body. If the pulse rate was less than target exercise intensity that is too small, then achieving the desired effects. The following should be done before exercise preparations.
(1) movement before the examination: patients with diabetes before the implementation of the program should go to the hospital to conduct a comprehensive inspection system, including blood pressure, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, electrocardiogram, eye, kidney function checks. Heart function tests are sometimes necessary. Should be to establish a good relationship between doctor, asked the doctors to plan a sensible campaign. Movement of all diabetes treatment should be asked to conduct a comprehensive medical history and examination. ① check blood sugar, urine sugar, to know their blood glucose levels to determine how to adjust diet exercise and medication, exercise and then check blood sugar, urine sugar, observing the effects of exercise on blood sugar; ② check ECG, in the case of old age or in patients with lung conditions should be measured lung function, blood pressure, fundus inspection, there are serious cardiopulmonary dysfunction or fundus, such as a history of bleeding should not participate in sports, such as a rise in blood pressure after exercise, lack of eye bleeding or cardiac blood, should be to stop or reduce the movement.
(2) pre-movement: before exercise, it is necessary to choose the right shoes and socks, to pay special attention to footwear and aeration confined. Should choose the safety of sports venues, looking for a competent partner to the sport. To avoid movement alone. The principle of dress is:
Hot weather - wear lightweight cotton fabric that can absorb sweat and moisture evaporation so as to maintain normal body temperature.
Cold season - the multi-layered clothing to wear thin, multi-layered clothes have more clothes than the single-layer capacity of the insulation, and heat in the campaign is, you can take off layers of clothes. Wear out than to wear leather and cotton wool products. Hat, gloves to prevent body heat loss.
Humid weather - water and air permeability of cotton fabric, and more appropriate.
Exercise the right to wear the shoes is also important, as many patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, resulting in the feeling of foot plantar skin thickening decreased or harden, so easy to damage the feet, when exercise wear loose, comfortable soft soles , good shoes uppers ventilation. Such as sports shoes, rubber shoes.
(3) timing campaign: Some people used to exercise the morning when fasting, it was eaten that night exercise after a meal, what in the end the best time to exercise? We think that breakfast or dinner or a half-hour after after 1 hour and more appropriate training. Fasting exercise likely to cause fluctuations in blood sugar may be caused due to delay meal blood sugar is too low, there is no medication may also be due to too high of blood sugar, so the best time to campaign on the meal. Function of the digestive system in order to avoid the effects of physical exercise is best to eat more than half an hour after the end of another.
Diabetic patients must adhere to "Sanding" principle, including regular quantitative diet, regular exercise or from time to time quantitative quantitative Jiangtang drug use, there is particular emphasis on the timing of quantitative physical exercise, often it was not, and only do this, can we really achieve the purpose of physical exercise.
diabetes patients "sugar control"
Friends of diabetes at home in peacetime, but also can be used for sports practice. Health care from the movement gradually learn to control blood sugar.
Method One: stand on tiptoe. Will be on hand stand on tiptoe in the back (around the turn to heel) 10 ~ 15 minutes;
Method Two: stairs. On the stairs, back to straight, the speed should be determined according to physical strength;
Method three: seat movement. Elbow flexion, akimbo, back straight, sitting chair and put it repeatedly, the time may be in their own strength;
Method four: counter movement. Support in the walls of his hands, feet side by side so that upper body forward in order to increase muscle tension, each support about 15 seconds and do 3 to 5 times;
Method five: the bed movement. Flat bed foot elevation (blanket or pillow can be used to elevate the feet), such as numb feet when sitting up slowly, and so repeatedly. The form of more than five movements, one can choose, can also be carried out alternately.
Note: should be controlled at moderate intensity, whole body wet a little, heart rate below 130 for each 20 to 30 minutes, and gradually extended to 1 hour. To avoid fasting and injecting drug 60 to 90 minutes exercise, in order to avoid hypoglycemia.
Method One: stand on tiptoe. Will be on hand stand on tiptoe in the back (around the turn to heel) 10 ~ 15 minutes;
Method Two: stairs. On the stairs, back to straight, the speed should be determined according to physical strength;
Method three: seat movement. Elbow flexion, akimbo, back straight, sitting chair and put it repeatedly, the time may be in their own strength;
Method four: counter movement. Support in the walls of his hands, feet side by side so that upper body forward in order to increase muscle tension, each support about 15 seconds and do 3 to 5 times;
Method five: the bed movement. Flat bed foot elevation (blanket or pillow can be used to elevate the feet), such as numb feet when sitting up slowly, and so repeatedly. The form of more than five movements, one can choose, can also be carried out alternately.
Note: should be controlled at moderate intensity, whole body wet a little, heart rate below 130 for each 20 to 30 minutes, and gradually extended to 1 hour. To avoid fasting and injecting drug 60 to 90 minutes exercise, in order to avoid hypoglycemia.
April 17, 2009
The clinical manifestations of diabetes
Clinical manifestations:
A chronic metabolic disorder in the performance of the material:
1) increase in urine: Diabetic patients with elevated blood glucose, blood glucose level over the threshold of renal sugar, glucose appears in urine. Urine increased urination a lot of time away moisture, permeability diuretic, it increases urine output.
2) thirsty drink thinking: as a result of increased volume, body water loss, the patient thought was thirsty drink, a marked increase in the volume of water to supplement the loss of body fluids.
3) increase food intake: as a result of a lack of insulin, glucose, glycogen synthesis or to reduce muscle glycogen storage, glucose by the cells of tissues to reduce the uptake and use of most of the loss of glucose from the urine, lack of energy the body, patients are hunger, appetite good , increased food intake.
4) weight loss: the body as a result of a lack of insulin, fat and protein catabolism accelerated reduction of glycogen synthesis, glucose from increased lipolysis mainly through the provision of energy, there is weak, the patient body weight gradually decreased.
Second, the performance of acute metabolic disorder substances: in patients with ketosis, acidosis or non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. Patients may have loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headache, difficulty in breathing, such as drowsiness and even coma.
Third, the performance of organ dysfunction: patients with complications or complications due to the performance of treatment. Patients to be as a result of cataract surgery and treatment.
IV infection: patients can be complicated due to the skin, urinary tract infection, tuberculosis treatment, diabetes detected during such inspections.
Fifth, patients without any symptoms, only in the regular medical examination, pre-operative routine examination or pregnancy testing diabetes was found.
The emergence of these symptoms can be light can be heavy, wide variety of symptoms does not necessarily have. Some symptoms such as increased consumption has been mistaken for the performance of their health, rather than go to the hospital to check.
A chronic metabolic disorder in the performance of the material:
1) increase in urine: Diabetic patients with elevated blood glucose, blood glucose level over the threshold of renal sugar, glucose appears in urine. Urine increased urination a lot of time away moisture, permeability diuretic, it increases urine output.
2) thirsty drink thinking: as a result of increased volume, body water loss, the patient thought was thirsty drink, a marked increase in the volume of water to supplement the loss of body fluids.
3) increase food intake: as a result of a lack of insulin, glucose, glycogen synthesis or to reduce muscle glycogen storage, glucose by the cells of tissues to reduce the uptake and use of most of the loss of glucose from the urine, lack of energy the body, patients are hunger, appetite good , increased food intake.
4) weight loss: the body as a result of a lack of insulin, fat and protein catabolism accelerated reduction of glycogen synthesis, glucose from increased lipolysis mainly through the provision of energy, there is weak, the patient body weight gradually decreased.
Second, the performance of acute metabolic disorder substances: in patients with ketosis, acidosis or non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. Patients may have loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headache, difficulty in breathing, such as drowsiness and even coma.
Third, the performance of organ dysfunction: patients with complications or complications due to the performance of treatment. Patients to be as a result of cataract surgery and treatment.
IV infection: patients can be complicated due to the skin, urinary tract infection, tuberculosis treatment, diabetes detected during such inspections.
Fifth, patients without any symptoms, only in the regular medical examination, pre-operative routine examination or pregnancy testing diabetes was found.
The emergence of these symptoms can be light can be heavy, wide variety of symptoms does not necessarily have. Some symptoms such as increased consumption has been mistaken for the performance of their health, rather than go to the hospital to check.
The reasons for high blood sugar in diabetic patients
Author:Hanwenwu
Treatment of diabetes the most basic requirement is to control blood sugar in normal (fasting blood glucose less than 5.6mmol / L, postprandial blood glucose less than 7.8mmol / L) or near-normal levels. High blood sugar lead to various complications of high blood sugar experience, the patients should look for the following reasons be overcome.
Uncontrolled eating
This is high blood sugar causes the most common. As a result of insufficient insulin secretion in diabetic patients and the role of poor blood sugar can not be promptly returned to normal, it will continue to increase in blood sugar. Therefore, eating too much sugar is bound to increase significantly. Dietary restraint principle is: an appropriate diet and adequate exercise to maintain the optimal level of body weight. Ideal body weight (kg) = height (cm) -105, which allow increase or decrease in ± 5% range. For example, patients who stands 167 centimeters for the 62 kilograms of ideal body weight. The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes accompanied by obesity, it should be controlled diet, adequate exercise, so that becoming more and more normal body weight, blood glucose will be better.
Inadequate dosage
Whether it is insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, such as insufficient amount of drugs, of course, poor blood sugar control. The reasons for this may be: ① the misconception that as long as the services of the drug treatment of diabetes, it will cure our illness, and drug use purchase, or pay attention to dosage and efficacy. Reviewed the long run, such as when blood sugar are very high. ② daily medication, although as usual, but did not review the long-term blood sugar, may be in patients with environment, health, life and the disease is changing, so review the possibility of elevated blood glucose. ③ check only fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose did not check, in fact, may have high postprandial blood sugar, but we do not know. Short periods should periodically check the blood sugar and adjust the dose according to blood glucose.
Inappropriate choice of hypoglycemic agents
Some patients with unilateral hearsay invalid or taking care of some drugs, there are a number of patients with ad buy drugs ineffective or even harmful. Some serve only short-acting drugs, beyond the control of hyperglycemia Next Morning; patients also taking drugs too, to the middle of the night by Next Morning hypoglycemia hyperglycemia anti-Yue (somo Giemsa effect). These cases should be confirmed by a doctor to find out the cause and properly handle it.
Oral hypoglycemic drug secondary failure
Have the effect of oral hypoglycemic agents, but the maximum dose was used, although there is no effect, This is known as secondary failure, therefore, caused by high blood sugar. Method is to suspend the treatment of oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin therapy to switch a few months and then try to restore insulin removed the use of oral hypoglycemic agents. As a result, there are two: ① to resume use of oral hypoglycemic agents after good glycemic control. ② After the restoration of oral hypoglycemic agents and increased blood glucose on islet cell function of the poor, inadequate secretion, it should continue treatment with insulin.
Insulin resistance
When insulin resistance hypoglycemic effect of insulin may decline or disappear, and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance seen in many cases: ① diabetes obesity type, and this is a relatively common treatment is weight loss, and thiazolidinedione drugs (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) to enhance the role of insulin and at the same time with Jiangtang medicine. ② insulin antibodies appear in blood or insulin receptor antibody. ③ "androgen excess, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans syndrome" is a kind of Polycystic Ovary special, rare type. Treatment is to reduce insulin resistance (increased insulin sensitivity).
Lack of insulin secretion
Any time in the incidence of child and adolescent patients had ketoacidosis, the blood in response to islet cell antibodies were significantly thinner size, the use of oral hypoglycemic agents are ineffective, in patients with type 1 diabetes are should pay attention to the problem of insufficient insulin secretion. Should be under the guidance of a doctor for treatment with insulin.
Glycemic factors
① have against the role of insulin, such as excessive growth hormone secretion (acromegaly) or excessive cortisol secretion (Treasury Chin's disease) situation. ② service glucocorticoid prednisone or other steroid drugs. ③ service hypokalemia caused by diuretics, insulin and thus the role of the poor. ④ infection, trauma, high stress or fatigue, such as to enable an increase in the secretion of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia. Resting at home when there are patients with good blood sugar control, but stay up all night to take the long-distance truck hyperglycemia in the hospital and also can not be neglected. Excluded from the above-mentioned factors, the blood sugar is expected to turn for the better.
Patients should be based on the above to find the causes of high blood sugar after, and then under the guidance of the doctors to improve treatment.
Treatment of diabetes the most basic requirement is to control blood sugar in normal (fasting blood glucose less than 5.6mmol / L, postprandial blood glucose less than 7.8mmol / L) or near-normal levels. High blood sugar lead to various complications of high blood sugar experience, the patients should look for the following reasons be overcome.
Uncontrolled eating
This is high blood sugar causes the most common. As a result of insufficient insulin secretion in diabetic patients and the role of poor blood sugar can not be promptly returned to normal, it will continue to increase in blood sugar. Therefore, eating too much sugar is bound to increase significantly. Dietary restraint principle is: an appropriate diet and adequate exercise to maintain the optimal level of body weight. Ideal body weight (kg) = height (cm) -105, which allow increase or decrease in ± 5% range. For example, patients who stands 167 centimeters for the 62 kilograms of ideal body weight. The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes accompanied by obesity, it should be controlled diet, adequate exercise, so that becoming more and more normal body weight, blood glucose will be better.
Inadequate dosage
Whether it is insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, such as insufficient amount of drugs, of course, poor blood sugar control. The reasons for this may be: ① the misconception that as long as the services of the drug treatment of diabetes, it will cure our illness, and drug use purchase, or pay attention to dosage and efficacy. Reviewed the long run, such as when blood sugar are very high. ② daily medication, although as usual, but did not review the long-term blood sugar, may be in patients with environment, health, life and the disease is changing, so review the possibility of elevated blood glucose. ③ check only fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose did not check, in fact, may have high postprandial blood sugar, but we do not know. Short periods should periodically check the blood sugar and adjust the dose according to blood glucose.
Inappropriate choice of hypoglycemic agents
Some patients with unilateral hearsay invalid or taking care of some drugs, there are a number of patients with ad buy drugs ineffective or even harmful. Some serve only short-acting drugs, beyond the control of hyperglycemia Next Morning; patients also taking drugs too, to the middle of the night by Next Morning hypoglycemia hyperglycemia anti-Yue (somo Giemsa effect). These cases should be confirmed by a doctor to find out the cause and properly handle it.
Oral hypoglycemic drug secondary failure
Have the effect of oral hypoglycemic agents, but the maximum dose was used, although there is no effect, This is known as secondary failure, therefore, caused by high blood sugar. Method is to suspend the treatment of oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin therapy to switch a few months and then try to restore insulin removed the use of oral hypoglycemic agents. As a result, there are two: ① to resume use of oral hypoglycemic agents after good glycemic control. ② After the restoration of oral hypoglycemic agents and increased blood glucose on islet cell function of the poor, inadequate secretion, it should continue treatment with insulin.
Insulin resistance
When insulin resistance hypoglycemic effect of insulin may decline or disappear, and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance seen in many cases: ① diabetes obesity type, and this is a relatively common treatment is weight loss, and thiazolidinedione drugs (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) to enhance the role of insulin and at the same time with Jiangtang medicine. ② insulin antibodies appear in blood or insulin receptor antibody. ③ "androgen excess, insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans syndrome" is a kind of Polycystic Ovary special, rare type. Treatment is to reduce insulin resistance (increased insulin sensitivity).
Lack of insulin secretion
Any time in the incidence of child and adolescent patients had ketoacidosis, the blood in response to islet cell antibodies were significantly thinner size, the use of oral hypoglycemic agents are ineffective, in patients with type 1 diabetes are should pay attention to the problem of insufficient insulin secretion. Should be under the guidance of a doctor for treatment with insulin.
Glycemic factors
① have against the role of insulin, such as excessive growth hormone secretion (acromegaly) or excessive cortisol secretion (Treasury Chin's disease) situation. ② service glucocorticoid prednisone or other steroid drugs. ③ service hypokalemia caused by diuretics, insulin and thus the role of the poor. ④ infection, trauma, high stress or fatigue, such as to enable an increase in the secretion of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia. Resting at home when there are patients with good blood sugar control, but stay up all night to take the long-distance truck hyperglycemia in the hospital and also can not be neglected. Excluded from the above-mentioned factors, the blood sugar is expected to turn for the better.
Patients should be based on the above to find the causes of high blood sugar after, and then under the guidance of the doctors to improve treatment.
Will diabetes be transmitted?
Diabetes has become the world's urgent need to combat the 21st century disease. There are people worried about the Department of Diabetes is not contagious, or how the disease have so many people have it?
This is actually no need to worry because diabetes is not like a cold or flu. Although many factors induced by diabetes, but whether it is type 1 or type 2 diabetes, there is no evidence that can be spread through contact, that is to say, you will not be transmitted contact with others on diabetes. The majority of diabetic patients have a genetic tendency is, if you have inherited from their parents that the disease gene, together with a number of adverse environmental and acquired factors, you may suffer from diabetes. In addition to congenital factors, body fat compared, not those who exercise regularly, it is possible to suffer from type 2 diabetes. In addition, a number of other reasons can also be induced by diabetes, such as long-term, excessive alcohol or too little sleep and so on.
This is actually no need to worry because diabetes is not like a cold or flu. Although many factors induced by diabetes, but whether it is type 1 or type 2 diabetes, there is no evidence that can be spread through contact, that is to say, you will not be transmitted contact with others on diabetes. The majority of diabetic patients have a genetic tendency is, if you have inherited from their parents that the disease gene, together with a number of adverse environmental and acquired factors, you may suffer from diabetes. In addition to congenital factors, body fat compared, not those who exercise regularly, it is possible to suffer from type 2 diabetes. In addition, a number of other reasons can also be induced by diabetes, such as long-term, excessive alcohol or too little sleep and so on.
Prolific women with type 2 diabetes susceptibility
British experts to a new study found that Health had five or more women with children relative to children of women in childbirth or less, the more prone to type 2 diabetes.
According to Reuters, Johnny Hopkins School of Medicine professor Wanda K Nicholson and his colleagues in the more than 7,000 45-year-old to 64-year-old women between the sub-study, come to these conclusions.
The researchers divided them not生过孩子(including stillbirths and miscarriages), Health had 1-2 children, the Health and had 3-4 children, as well as Health had four children more than four groups, and conducted an average of 9 years of follow-up survey. They found a total of 754 women suffering from type 2 diabetes, in which children up to the highest incidence rates in the group, and the birth of the Group 2 following the lowest incidence. The study findings were published in "Diabetes health" magazines.
The researchers said that although the majority of diabetes are attributable to obesity, lifestyle factors such as, but prolific in diabetic women should be vigilant. As to why diabetic prolific and there is a link between the remains to be further studied.
According to Reuters, Johnny Hopkins School of Medicine professor Wanda K Nicholson and his colleagues in the more than 7,000 45-year-old to 64-year-old women between the sub-study, come to these conclusions.
The researchers divided them not生过孩子(including stillbirths and miscarriages), Health had 1-2 children, the Health and had 3-4 children, as well as Health had four children more than four groups, and conducted an average of 9 years of follow-up survey. They found a total of 754 women suffering from type 2 diabetes, in which children up to the highest incidence rates in the group, and the birth of the Group 2 following the lowest incidence. The study findings were published in "Diabetes health" magazines.
The researchers said that although the majority of diabetes are attributable to obesity, lifestyle factors such as, but prolific in diabetic women should be vigilant. As to why diabetic prolific and there is a link between the remains to be further studied.
Be vigilant following diabetes
1, there is family history of diabetes. Light a clear family history of diabetes type 2 diabetes have occurred a great possibility, it is necessary to draw attention.
2, history of abnormal delivery. For reasons unknown history of multiple miscarriages, still births, stillbirths, prematurity, malformations, such as abuse or macrosomia.
3, repeated infection. Refractory genital itching or recurrent vulvar and vaginal fungal infection, or repeated carbuncle swollen sores were made, there may be patients with diabetes.
4, impotence. Male impotence patients, excluding the urogenital tract after partial lesions to diabetes may be suspected.
5, a number of urine, thirst, polydipsia, or unexplained weight loss recently.
6, occasional positive urine glucose and normal fasting blood glucose should also wonder why it is diabetes, should make further checks.
2, history of abnormal delivery. For reasons unknown history of multiple miscarriages, still births, stillbirths, prematurity, malformations, such as abuse or macrosomia.
3, repeated infection. Refractory genital itching or recurrent vulvar and vaginal fungal infection, or repeated carbuncle swollen sores were made, there may be patients with diabetes.
4, impotence. Male impotence patients, excluding the urogenital tract after partial lesions to diabetes may be suspected.
5, a number of urine, thirst, polydipsia, or unexplained weight loss recently.
6, occasional positive urine glucose and normal fasting blood glucose should also wonder why it is diabetes, should make further checks.
What are the incidence of diabetes means
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were more common in children and adolescents with the disease than the general incidence of acute and severe onset, often with ketoacidosis as the first symptom.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in adults more than the disease, the incidence of slow, patient in a few months or years gradually occurred thirst, polydipsia, polyuria, and more symptoms of eating and weight loss, about 60% -80% of the history of obesity. Some patients in the health check-ups or other diseases occasionally found some complications, such as first discovered in patients with purulent skin infections, urinary tract infection, female genital itching, cholecystitis, tuberculosis, or even due to ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hospital unconscious person. Women of childbearing age may be a result of premature birth, stillbirth, fetal malformations, giant baby, polyhydramnios, cervical pain omen, it was found that the disease. First of all, the patients also found that diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke or blood clots, kidney disease, neuropathy, etc., and then trace and the disease.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in adults more than the disease, the incidence of slow, patient in a few months or years gradually occurred thirst, polydipsia, polyuria, and more symptoms of eating and weight loss, about 60% -80% of the history of obesity. Some patients in the health check-ups or other diseases occasionally found some complications, such as first discovered in patients with purulent skin infections, urinary tract infection, female genital itching, cholecystitis, tuberculosis, or even due to ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hospital unconscious person. Women of childbearing age may be a result of premature birth, stillbirth, fetal malformations, giant baby, polyhydramnios, cervical pain omen, it was found that the disease. First of all, the patients also found that diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, arteriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke or blood clots, kidney disease, neuropathy, etc., and then trace and the disease.
Knowledge of diabetic retinopathy
With the extension of human life and living standards, diabetic retinopathy (dabetic retinopathy, DR) in patients with cataract in clinical practice is increasing year by year. Two diseases in the elderly are prone, and development and promote each other. Because of our lack of universal health knowledge, a considerable number of diabetic patients pay no attention to the prevention and treatment of diabetic eye disease. Not a good long-term control of diabetes, caused by late treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR).
PDR is a vision of diabetes threaten the most serious complications, it is important to one of the blinding eye disease. Early detection early prevention is the key to effective control of blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipids, it is possible to prevent or delay the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy. When the non-proliferative lesions, the use of traditional Chinese and western medicine can effectively control the progress of complications. Enter the proliferative phase of DR will be vitreous hemorrhage, neovascularization, traction retinal detachment, persistent exudative complications such as macular edema. Vitrectomy surgery treatment is so far the only effective way of PDR. PDR for patients with cataract traditional approach is vitrectomy and cataract surgery carried out in stages. As the cataract and vitreous surgery, as well as the continuous development of step-by-step the issue of the constant exposure to surgery, the current application of more and more people phacoemulsification, pars plana of the ciliary body by vitrectomy and intraocular lens implantation combined with surgical treatment PDR with cataract, and have achieved very good results. So that the vast majority of diabetics from blindness, the premise that knowledge of disease, and doctors to communicate timely treatment to prevent the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy.
PDR is a vision of diabetes threaten the most serious complications, it is important to one of the blinding eye disease. Early detection early prevention is the key to effective control of blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipids, it is possible to prevent or delay the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy. When the non-proliferative lesions, the use of traditional Chinese and western medicine can effectively control the progress of complications. Enter the proliferative phase of DR will be vitreous hemorrhage, neovascularization, traction retinal detachment, persistent exudative complications such as macular edema. Vitrectomy surgery treatment is so far the only effective way of PDR. PDR for patients with cataract traditional approach is vitrectomy and cataract surgery carried out in stages. As the cataract and vitreous surgery, as well as the continuous development of step-by-step the issue of the constant exposure to surgery, the current application of more and more people phacoemulsification, pars plana of the ciliary body by vitrectomy and intraocular lens implantation combined with surgical treatment PDR with cataract, and have achieved very good results. So that the vast majority of diabetics from blindness, the premise that knowledge of disease, and doctors to communicate timely treatment to prevent the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy.
After diabetes Ⅱimproved, what's the next step?
Diabetes accounted for more than 90% of patients with type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus, if not on the volume of more than 20 grams sugar, then in general do not appear "a little more than three" symptoms. Because of the type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus, its pathological changes associated with insulin resistance as the relative lack of insulin, rather than an absolute lack of insulin.
Type Ⅱ diabetes treatment and cold, not the same as acute diarrhea. Acute cold heat back after treatment, diarrhea ceased, to receive immediate results. And Ⅱ in the diagnosis of diabetes at the time, you can no symptoms, no effect on the life and work. Why then do the treatment? The purpose is to prevent complications. If complications have occurred, not only with symptoms, and death can be disabled. To know the dangers of diabetes lies in its complications.
Complications of diabetes can be divided into two major categories of acute and chronic. Acute complications, it has mainly occurred in diabetes, but without treatment or improper treatment, and then by some kind of excessive stress or diet caused a sharp rise of blood glucose. For example: I do not know they have diabetes, but in fact have high blood sugar, when hot weather and eating chunks of watermelon, drinking beverages, and other fruits with high sugar content. Will most likely produce ketoacidosis or non-ketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma. These are all very serious acute complications requiring immediate emergency treatment.
Chronic complications often occur after a longer course of disease. But if not for the body to check blood sugar, is likely to actually have the time of diagnosis for many years the incidence, complications can be found at the same time. So I do not think that cutting the diagnosis of diabetes, there would be no chronic complications. Major chronic microvascular complications and macrovascular complications. In addition, gastrointestinal motility disorders and skin lesions such as, but not as good as an important vascular disease. Why should we separate microvascular and large vessel? For different reasons because of its prevalence, characteristics of microvascular disease of diabetes complications, and is directly related to hyperglycemia. And macrovascular disease in addition to glucose, but also blood pressure and dyslipidemia and relevant. Therefore, even in pre-diabetes (ie, impaired glucose regulation) may be on macrovascular disease.
Type Ⅱ diabetes treatment and cold, not the same as acute diarrhea. Acute cold heat back after treatment, diarrhea ceased, to receive immediate results. And Ⅱ in the diagnosis of diabetes at the time, you can no symptoms, no effect on the life and work. Why then do the treatment? The purpose is to prevent complications. If complications have occurred, not only with symptoms, and death can be disabled. To know the dangers of diabetes lies in its complications.
Complications of diabetes can be divided into two major categories of acute and chronic. Acute complications, it has mainly occurred in diabetes, but without treatment or improper treatment, and then by some kind of excessive stress or diet caused a sharp rise of blood glucose. For example: I do not know they have diabetes, but in fact have high blood sugar, when hot weather and eating chunks of watermelon, drinking beverages, and other fruits with high sugar content. Will most likely produce ketoacidosis or non-ketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma. These are all very serious acute complications requiring immediate emergency treatment.
Chronic complications often occur after a longer course of disease. But if not for the body to check blood sugar, is likely to actually have the time of diagnosis for many years the incidence, complications can be found at the same time. So I do not think that cutting the diagnosis of diabetes, there would be no chronic complications. Major chronic microvascular complications and macrovascular complications. In addition, gastrointestinal motility disorders and skin lesions such as, but not as good as an important vascular disease. Why should we separate microvascular and large vessel? For different reasons because of its prevalence, characteristics of microvascular disease of diabetes complications, and is directly related to hyperglycemia. And macrovascular disease in addition to glucose, but also blood pressure and dyslipidemia and relevant. Therefore, even in pre-diabetes (ie, impaired glucose regulation) may be on macrovascular disease.
Where insulin comes from?
Insulin is a protein hormone. In vivo by insulin secreted by pancreatic β-cells. Next to the duodenum in humans, there is a long-shaped organ, called the pancreas. Scattered in the pancreas of a large number of cells, called islets. Pancreatic islet of a total of about 100 to 2,000,000.
Islet cell secretion of hormones in accordance with its functions divided into the following categories:
① B cells (β cells), accounting for about 60% of islet cells to 80%, insulin secretion, insulin can lower blood sugar.
② A cells (α cells), accounting for about 24% of islet cells to 40%, glucagon secretion, the role of glucagon and insulin contrary, can increase blood sugar.
③ D cells, islet cells of the total number of about 6% ~ 15% secretion of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
Diabetic patients, due to virus infection, autoimmune, genetic and other risk factors, the pathophysiology of insulin activity was mainly due to the relative or absolute lack of glucagon, as well as the relative or absolute activity of the oversupply of, or B and A cells dysfunction caused by bilateral hormone.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus insulin-secreting cells of serious damage or complete absence of low endogenous insulin secretion, required exogenous insulin therapy. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes, insulin secretion less obstacles, based on normal or higher insulin levels, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion are generally lower than those of the corresponding weight, that is, the relative lack of insulin.
Islet cell secretion of hormones in accordance with its functions divided into the following categories:
① B cells (β cells), accounting for about 60% of islet cells to 80%, insulin secretion, insulin can lower blood sugar.
② A cells (α cells), accounting for about 24% of islet cells to 40%, glucagon secretion, the role of glucagon and insulin contrary, can increase blood sugar.
③ D cells, islet cells of the total number of about 6% ~ 15% secretion of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
Diabetic patients, due to virus infection, autoimmune, genetic and other risk factors, the pathophysiology of insulin activity was mainly due to the relative or absolute lack of glucagon, as well as the relative or absolute activity of the oversupply of, or B and A cells dysfunction caused by bilateral hormone.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus insulin-secreting cells of serious damage or complete absence of low endogenous insulin secretion, required exogenous insulin therapy. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes, insulin secretion less obstacles, based on normal or higher insulin levels, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion are generally lower than those of the corresponding weight, that is, the relative lack of insulin.
Factors that affect insulin secretion
Author: bzd
Insulin secretion in vivo is mainly affected by the following factors:
(1) the impact of blood glucose concentration of insulin secretion is the most important factor. Oral or intravenous glucose, the insulin release was two-phase reaction. Early rapid phase, portal vein plasma insulin in the 2 minutes that is the highest value, then decreased rapidly; delay in the slow phase, 10 minutes after the plasma insulin level has been edging higher, has continued for more than 1 hour. Glucose showed an early rapid phase of insulin release to store, the delay shows that the slow phase of insulin synthesis and insulin proinsulin change.
(2) eat more food containing protein, the blood amino acid concentration increased, also increased insulin secretion. Arginine, lysine, leucine and phenylalanine have a strong role in stimulating insulin secretion.
(3) free nerve function could affect insulin secretion. Stimulation of vagus nerve on insulin secretion promote; excited when sympathetic inhibition of insulin secretion. Glucose showed an early rapid phase of insulin release to store, the delay shows that the slow phase of insulin synthesis and insulin proinsulin change.
Insulin secretion in vivo is mainly affected by the following factors:
(1) the impact of blood glucose concentration of insulin secretion is the most important factor. Oral or intravenous glucose, the insulin release was two-phase reaction. Early rapid phase, portal vein plasma insulin in the 2 minutes that is the highest value, then decreased rapidly; delay in the slow phase, 10 minutes after the plasma insulin level has been edging higher, has continued for more than 1 hour. Glucose showed an early rapid phase of insulin release to store, the delay shows that the slow phase of insulin synthesis and insulin proinsulin change.
(2) eat more food containing protein, the blood amino acid concentration increased, also increased insulin secretion. Arginine, lysine, leucine and phenylalanine have a strong role in stimulating insulin secretion.
(3) free nerve function could affect insulin secretion. Stimulation of vagus nerve on insulin secretion promote; excited when sympathetic inhibition of insulin secretion. Glucose showed an early rapid phase of insulin release to store, the delay shows that the slow phase of insulin synthesis and insulin proinsulin change.
The skin changes of diabetes patients
Author: wer
After diabetes, 30% ~ 80% of patients have skin damage. If the skin damage is often the precursor to diabetes, so to arouse people's attention.
Skin infections
Diabetes, the patient's blood glucose increased the glycogen content of the skin also increased, so that'll mold, bacterial infection and create a good environment.
1 / 3 of diabetes patients, complicated skin infections. For example, patients often suffer from swollen boils, folliculitis, impetigo and other bacterial infections and carbuncle. Diabetic patients are often in the oral part of "thrush." Thrush is a known as the "Candida" caused by the fungal infection. Candida infection can also occur in the nails, male genitalia glans.
There are fungal infection, patients with diabetes-prone hand ringworm, tinea corporis, tinea corporis, tinea pedis disease such as ringworm.
Skin itching
Diabetic patients with symptoms of skin itching, or the patient's 1 / 5. This is a kind of generalized pruritus, and very stubborn. In early diabetes, the itching is very common symptoms. When a patient after treatment, significantly ease the condition, the skin may gradually disappear itching.
Paresthesia
1 / 10 of the diabetic patients with peripheral nerve lesions. Such as paresthesia, including skin numbness, a sense of acupuncture, such as pain or burning feeling, especially in the patient's foot and more prone to feel abnormal. Therefore, some patients found that in the absence of diabetes before the first regular skin checks. Lower extremities of patients have reduced or no sweating Khan; when relative humidity increased, the increased sweating in other parts of patients.
Bullous disease of diabetic
Diabetes is a disease of bullae occurred in patients with skin complications hands. This blister suddenly, there were no recurrent symptoms. Vesicular size, thin-walled blisters, blister fluid is clarified, the blisters did not flush out. In general after a few weeks can be self-healing, or dissipated in the skin pigmentation on the left over there.
Bullous disease that often occurred in the long course of diabetes, the body and poor patients with serious complications, so patients with poor prognosis and even cause deaths.
Diabetic rash
Such skin changes occurred in the leg in front. Is the beginning of the round or oval dark red papules, diameter of only about 0.3 centimeters. Some of these papules scattered there, and some cluster together, apparently dander. Rash subsided, the skin lead to local atrophy or pigmentation.
After diabetes, 30% ~ 80% of patients have skin damage. If the skin damage is often the precursor to diabetes, so to arouse people's attention.
Skin infections
Diabetes, the patient's blood glucose increased the glycogen content of the skin also increased, so that'll mold, bacterial infection and create a good environment.
1 / 3 of diabetes patients, complicated skin infections. For example, patients often suffer from swollen boils, folliculitis, impetigo and other bacterial infections and carbuncle. Diabetic patients are often in the oral part of "thrush." Thrush is a known as the "Candida" caused by the fungal infection. Candida infection can also occur in the nails, male genitalia glans.
There are fungal infection, patients with diabetes-prone hand ringworm, tinea corporis, tinea corporis, tinea pedis disease such as ringworm.
Skin itching
Diabetic patients with symptoms of skin itching, or the patient's 1 / 5. This is a kind of generalized pruritus, and very stubborn. In early diabetes, the itching is very common symptoms. When a patient after treatment, significantly ease the condition, the skin may gradually disappear itching.
Paresthesia
1 / 10 of the diabetic patients with peripheral nerve lesions. Such as paresthesia, including skin numbness, a sense of acupuncture, such as pain or burning feeling, especially in the patient's foot and more prone to feel abnormal. Therefore, some patients found that in the absence of diabetes before the first regular skin checks. Lower extremities of patients have reduced or no sweating Khan; when relative humidity increased, the increased sweating in other parts of patients.
Bullous disease of diabetic
Diabetes is a disease of bullae occurred in patients with skin complications hands. This blister suddenly, there were no recurrent symptoms. Vesicular size, thin-walled blisters, blister fluid is clarified, the blisters did not flush out. In general after a few weeks can be self-healing, or dissipated in the skin pigmentation on the left over there.
Bullous disease that often occurred in the long course of diabetes, the body and poor patients with serious complications, so patients with poor prognosis and even cause deaths.
Diabetic rash
Such skin changes occurred in the leg in front. Is the beginning of the round or oval dark red papules, diameter of only about 0.3 centimeters. Some of these papules scattered there, and some cluster together, apparently dander. Rash subsided, the skin lead to local atrophy or pigmentation.
From the cytological point of view to see diabetes
Author: wer
From the cytological point of view of diabetes. That is, insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cell necrosis or partial necrosis, pancreatic dysfunction, caused by glucose metabolism disorders, arising from a series of symptoms. Characteristics of diabetes type Ⅰ diabetes mellitus known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, diabetic patients accounted for about 10% of the total, often occurs in children and adolescents. Β-cell necrosis as a result of its own synthesis and secretion of insulin can not.
When the incidence of the more obvious symptoms of diabetes, ketosis-prone, dependent on exogenous insulin to survive, once the suspension of insulin therapy is life-threatening. Type Ⅱ diabetes as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, diabetes accounted for about 90 percent of the total number of patients, age at onset after the age of majority at 35. Part due to necrosis of pancreatic β-cells, insulin secretion or more, or less, or normal, or secretion of peak shift. Obviously this type of diabetes hereditary family, the slow onset, hidden, and some patients in the health examination or to check if other diseases, or complications from time to time found no significant tendency to ketosis. This type of patients is about 60% were overweight or obese, obesity can lead to insulin resistance, elevated blood sugar. Most of the patients in the diet control and oral hypoglycemic agents after treatment to control blood sugar stable; but there are still some patients, especially patients who are fat need exogenous insulin to control blood sugar.
Complications of diabetes can be the vital organs throughout the body, and genetic susceptibility. Its occurrence, development and diabetes onset age, disease duration, metabolic disorders and conditions related to the degree of control. These complications can occur alone or in different combinations appear at the same time or one after another.
The prevention of diabetes and its complications
1. Every day more than 15-30 minutes on foot to increase exercise, can prevent the occurrence of diabetes and its complications;
2. Eating healthy food (low-fat, all-Valley and high-fiber foods). Or under the control of drugs, through diet and nutritional supplements to enhance nutritional pancreatic β cells.
3. Weight loss: Diabetes and obesity are 90% of the relevance, weight loss can not only slow down the process of diabetes, at the same time can minimize the complications of diabetes.
4. By the 80/20 rule to manage the lifestyle and behavior, 80% of the time need to diet, exercise control, but also allowed 20% of their time to relax. Health glycemic index diet can reduce the postprandial blood glucose and lower blood lipids, such as: whole wheat bread and oat products. Treatment is aimed at preventing diabetes complications, it is the task of medical treatment, and nutritional medicine to restore the cells, for treatment of type Ⅱ diabetes is the most fundamental of pancreatic β-cell repair.
From the cytological point of view of diabetes. That is, insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cell necrosis or partial necrosis, pancreatic dysfunction, caused by glucose metabolism disorders, arising from a series of symptoms. Characteristics of diabetes type Ⅰ diabetes mellitus known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, diabetic patients accounted for about 10% of the total, often occurs in children and adolescents. Β-cell necrosis as a result of its own synthesis and secretion of insulin can not.
When the incidence of the more obvious symptoms of diabetes, ketosis-prone, dependent on exogenous insulin to survive, once the suspension of insulin therapy is life-threatening. Type Ⅱ diabetes as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, diabetes accounted for about 90 percent of the total number of patients, age at onset after the age of majority at 35. Part due to necrosis of pancreatic β-cells, insulin secretion or more, or less, or normal, or secretion of peak shift. Obviously this type of diabetes hereditary family, the slow onset, hidden, and some patients in the health examination or to check if other diseases, or complications from time to time found no significant tendency to ketosis. This type of patients is about 60% were overweight or obese, obesity can lead to insulin resistance, elevated blood sugar. Most of the patients in the diet control and oral hypoglycemic agents after treatment to control blood sugar stable; but there are still some patients, especially patients who are fat need exogenous insulin to control blood sugar.
Complications of diabetes can be the vital organs throughout the body, and genetic susceptibility. Its occurrence, development and diabetes onset age, disease duration, metabolic disorders and conditions related to the degree of control. These complications can occur alone or in different combinations appear at the same time or one after another.
The prevention of diabetes and its complications
1. Every day more than 15-30 minutes on foot to increase exercise, can prevent the occurrence of diabetes and its complications;
2. Eating healthy food (low-fat, all-Valley and high-fiber foods). Or under the control of drugs, through diet and nutritional supplements to enhance nutritional pancreatic β cells.
3. Weight loss: Diabetes and obesity are 90% of the relevance, weight loss can not only slow down the process of diabetes, at the same time can minimize the complications of diabetes.
4. By the 80/20 rule to manage the lifestyle and behavior, 80% of the time need to diet, exercise control, but also allowed 20% of their time to relax. Health glycemic index diet can reduce the postprandial blood glucose and lower blood lipids, such as: whole wheat bread and oat products. Treatment is aimed at preventing diabetes complications, it is the task of medical treatment, and nutritional medicine to restore the cells, for treatment of type Ⅱ diabetes is the most fundamental of pancreatic β-cell repair.
The biological role of insulin
Synthesis of insulin is to promote metabolism, regulate blood sugar stability hormone.
1. Regulation of glucose metabolism in insulin-promoting organizations, cells on glucose uptake and use, to accelerate the synthesis of glucose to glycogen, stored in the liver and muscles, and inhibit gluconeogenesis, and promote glucose into fatty acids, stored in adipose tissue, resulting in blood glucose levels.
Lack of insulin, the blood glucose concentration higher than renal sugar threshold, will appear in urine sugar, causing diabetes.
2. The regulation of fat metabolism of insulin to promote the hepatic synthesis of fatty acids, and then transferred to the storage of fat cells. The role of insulin, the fat cells can be a small amount of fatty acid synthesis. Insulin also promotes glucose into the fat cells, except for the synthesis of fatty acids, it can be transformed into α-glycerophosphate, fatty acid and α-glycerophosphate formation of triglycerides, stored in fat cells and at the same time, insulin also inhibit the activity of lipase to reduce the decomposition of fat.
Lack of insulin, the emergence of fat metabolism disorders, enhanced lipolysis, elevated blood lipids and accelerate the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver to generate a large number of ketones, oxidation of fat as a result of sugar and obstacles, can not deal with ketones, resulting in ketonemia and acidosis.
3. The regulation of protein metabolism of insulin to promote the process of protein synthesis, and its role in protein synthesis in all areas: ① the promotion of amino acid transport through the membrane into the cell; ② nucleus can copy and transcription process to speed up and increase the generation of DNA and RNA; ③ the role of the ribosomes, to speed up the translation process, promoting protein synthesis; In addition, insulin may also inhibit protein breakdown and glycogen xenobiotics.
Because insulin can enhance the process of protein synthesis, so the growth of the body it also has a catalytic role, but the role of insulin alone, the role of the growth is not strong, only when the combined effect of growth hormone in order to play a significant effect.
1. Regulation of glucose metabolism in insulin-promoting organizations, cells on glucose uptake and use, to accelerate the synthesis of glucose to glycogen, stored in the liver and muscles, and inhibit gluconeogenesis, and promote glucose into fatty acids, stored in adipose tissue, resulting in blood glucose levels.
Lack of insulin, the blood glucose concentration higher than renal sugar threshold, will appear in urine sugar, causing diabetes.
2. The regulation of fat metabolism of insulin to promote the hepatic synthesis of fatty acids, and then transferred to the storage of fat cells. The role of insulin, the fat cells can be a small amount of fatty acid synthesis. Insulin also promotes glucose into the fat cells, except for the synthesis of fatty acids, it can be transformed into α-glycerophosphate, fatty acid and α-glycerophosphate formation of triglycerides, stored in fat cells and at the same time, insulin also inhibit the activity of lipase to reduce the decomposition of fat.
Lack of insulin, the emergence of fat metabolism disorders, enhanced lipolysis, elevated blood lipids and accelerate the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver to generate a large number of ketones, oxidation of fat as a result of sugar and obstacles, can not deal with ketones, resulting in ketonemia and acidosis.
3. The regulation of protein metabolism of insulin to promote the process of protein synthesis, and its role in protein synthesis in all areas: ① the promotion of amino acid transport through the membrane into the cell; ② nucleus can copy and transcription process to speed up and increase the generation of DNA and RNA; ③ the role of the ribosomes, to speed up the translation process, promoting protein synthesis; In addition, insulin may also inhibit protein breakdown and glycogen xenobiotics.
Because insulin can enhance the process of protein synthesis, so the growth of the body it also has a catalytic role, but the role of insulin alone, the role of the growth is not strong, only when the combined effect of growth hormone in order to play a significant effect.
Regulation of insulin secretion
Author: zho
The regulation of insulin secretion
1. The role of blood glucose
Regulation of blood glucose concentration of insulin secretion is the most important factor, as elevated blood glucose concentration when a marked increase in insulin secretion, thus contributing to lower blood sugar. When blood glucose levels dropped to normal levels, insulin secretion rapidly returned to basal level. Persistently high blood glucose stimulated insulin secretion can be divided into three phases: 5min with elevated blood glucose, insulin secretion by about 10-fold increase is mainly derived from B cells, the release of stored hormone, so the duration is not long, 5 -10min after the secretion of insulin will be decreased by 50%; glucose increased 15min after the second insulin secretion increased in 2-3h and reached the peak and sustained a longer period of time, the secretion rate also is much larger than the first phase, which mainly activated B cells in insulin-synthesis enzymes, and promote the synthesis and release; if continuing a week of high blood sugar, insulin secretion can be further increased as a result of prolonged high blood sugar to stimulate B cell proliferation caused by cloth.
2. The role of amino acids and fatty acids
Many amino acids have a role to stimulate insulin secretion, with the role of arginine and lysine most. Blood glucose concentration in normal blood amino acids increase insulin secretion only a slight stimulating effect, but if in the case of hyperglycemia, excessive amounts of amino acids to allow the glucose-induced insulin secretion increased doubly. Works right a significant increase in fatty acids and ketones, it can promote insulin secretion.
3. The role of hormone
The impact of the hormone insulin secretion mainly: ① gastrointestinal hormones, such as gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide has the role of promoting insulin secretion; ② growth hormone, cortisol, thyroid hormone and glucagon Su-notices can indirectly increase the concentration of glucose to stimulate insulin secretion, so the long-term high-dose application of these hormones, B cells may lead to failure and diabetes; ③ islet D cell secretion of growth suppression at least through the paracrine role of insulin and inhibition glucagon secretion, and glucagon also can directly stimulate B cells to produce insulin.
4. Neural regulation
Insulin by the vagus nerve and sympathetic innervation. Vagus nerve stimulation effect through acetylcholine receptors in M directly promote insulin secretion; vagus nerve can also stimulate the release of gastrointestinal hormones, and indirectly promote the secretion of insulin. Sympathetic excitement, then through the role of norepinephrine in the α2 receptor, inhibition of insulin secretion.
The regulation of insulin secretion
1. The role of blood glucose
Regulation of blood glucose concentration of insulin secretion is the most important factor, as elevated blood glucose concentration when a marked increase in insulin secretion, thus contributing to lower blood sugar. When blood glucose levels dropped to normal levels, insulin secretion rapidly returned to basal level. Persistently high blood glucose stimulated insulin secretion can be divided into three phases: 5min with elevated blood glucose, insulin secretion by about 10-fold increase is mainly derived from B cells, the release of stored hormone, so the duration is not long, 5 -10min after the secretion of insulin will be decreased by 50%; glucose increased 15min after the second insulin secretion increased in 2-3h and reached the peak and sustained a longer period of time, the secretion rate also is much larger than the first phase, which mainly activated B cells in insulin-synthesis enzymes, and promote the synthesis and release; if continuing a week of high blood sugar, insulin secretion can be further increased as a result of prolonged high blood sugar to stimulate B cell proliferation caused by cloth.
2. The role of amino acids and fatty acids
Many amino acids have a role to stimulate insulin secretion, with the role of arginine and lysine most. Blood glucose concentration in normal blood amino acids increase insulin secretion only a slight stimulating effect, but if in the case of hyperglycemia, excessive amounts of amino acids to allow the glucose-induced insulin secretion increased doubly. Works right a significant increase in fatty acids and ketones, it can promote insulin secretion.
3. The role of hormone
The impact of the hormone insulin secretion mainly: ① gastrointestinal hormones, such as gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide has the role of promoting insulin secretion; ② growth hormone, cortisol, thyroid hormone and glucagon Su-notices can indirectly increase the concentration of glucose to stimulate insulin secretion, so the long-term high-dose application of these hormones, B cells may lead to failure and diabetes; ③ islet D cell secretion of growth suppression at least through the paracrine role of insulin and inhibition glucagon secretion, and glucagon also can directly stimulate B cells to produce insulin.
4. Neural regulation
Insulin by the vagus nerve and sympathetic innervation. Vagus nerve stimulation effect through acetylcholine receptors in M directly promote insulin secretion; vagus nerve can also stimulate the release of gastrointestinal hormones, and indirectly promote the secretion of insulin. Sympathetic excitement, then through the role of norepinephrine in the α2 receptor, inhibition of insulin secretion.
Deeper understanding of - insulin receptor
Author: zho
The level of insulin in the cell biological role of the target cell membrane through specific receptor binding and activated. The role of insulin receptor for insulin target specific parts of the cell membrane, only containing insulin and insulin or proinsulin molecules with a high degree of specificity, and a very wide distribution. Receptor is a glycoprotein, each receptor by α, β-subunit composition of the two. α-subunit through the cell membrane, one end exposed to the membrane surface, with the insulin binding site. β subunit of the membrane to the cytoplasm by an extension of the insulin-induced membrane and cellular effects of functional units. Combination of insulin and after subunit, β subunit of tyrosine kinase is activated, so that receptor phosphorylation, resulting in mediator to regulate the activity of intracellular enzyme systems, control metabolism.
Each combination of cells and depends on insulin receptor number and affinity, the two also by adjusting the concentration of plasma insulin. When insulin concentrations are often increased the number of insulin receptors decreased, Down-regulation said. Such as the obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus because of the number of fat cell membrane receptor decrease was clinically non-insulin sensitivity, said resistance. When the obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes by diet control, weight loss after physical exercise, the fat cell membrane insulin receptor number increased, and insulin-binding capacity strengthening to improve the use of blood glucose. This is not only the obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus pathogenesis of an important, but also the treatment of the theory must be based on weight loss.
The level of insulin in the cell biological role of the target cell membrane through specific receptor binding and activated. The role of insulin receptor for insulin target specific parts of the cell membrane, only containing insulin and insulin or proinsulin molecules with a high degree of specificity, and a very wide distribution. Receptor is a glycoprotein, each receptor by α, β-subunit composition of the two. α-subunit through the cell membrane, one end exposed to the membrane surface, with the insulin binding site. β subunit of the membrane to the cytoplasm by an extension of the insulin-induced membrane and cellular effects of functional units. Combination of insulin and after subunit, β subunit of tyrosine kinase is activated, so that receptor phosphorylation, resulting in mediator to regulate the activity of intracellular enzyme systems, control metabolism.
Each combination of cells and depends on insulin receptor number and affinity, the two also by adjusting the concentration of plasma insulin. When insulin concentrations are often increased the number of insulin receptors decreased, Down-regulation said. Such as the obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus because of the number of fat cell membrane receptor decrease was clinically non-insulin sensitivity, said resistance. When the obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes by diet control, weight loss after physical exercise, the fat cell membrane insulin receptor number increased, and insulin-binding capacity strengthening to improve the use of blood glucose. This is not only the obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus pathogenesis of an important, but also the treatment of the theory must be based on weight loss.
April 16, 2009
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-reliance on the internal
Insulin is a protein hormone. In vivo by insulin secreted by pancreatic β-cells. Next to the duodenum in humans, there is a long-shaped organ, called the pancreas. Scattered in the pancreas of a large number of cells, called islets. Pancreatic islet of a total of about 100 to 2,000,000.
Islet cell secretion of hormones in accordance with its functions divided into the following categories:
① B cells (β cells), accounting for about 60% of islet cells to 80%, insulin secretion, insulin can lower blood sugar.
② A cells (α cells), accounting for about 24% of islet cells to 40%, glucagon secretion, the role of glucagon and insulin contrary, can increase blood sugar.
③ D cells, islet cells of the total number of about 6% ~ 15% secretion of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
Diabetic patients, due to virus infection, autoimmune, genetic and other risk factors, the pathophysiology of insulin activity was mainly due to the relative or absolute lack of glucagon, as well as the relative or absolute activity of the oversupply of, or B and A cells dysfunction caused by bilateral hormone.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Ⅰ type diabetes, insulin-secreting cells or total lack of serious damage, very low endogenous insulin secretion, required exogenous insulin therapy. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Ⅱ type diabetes, insulin secretion less obstacles, based on normal or higher insulin levels, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion are generally lower than those of the corresponding weight, that is, the relative lack of insulin.
Islet cell secretion of hormones in accordance with its functions divided into the following categories:
① B cells (β cells), accounting for about 60% of islet cells to 80%, insulin secretion, insulin can lower blood sugar.
② A cells (α cells), accounting for about 24% of islet cells to 40%, glucagon secretion, the role of glucagon and insulin contrary, can increase blood sugar.
③ D cells, islet cells of the total number of about 6% ~ 15% secretion of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
Diabetic patients, due to virus infection, autoimmune, genetic and other risk factors, the pathophysiology of insulin activity was mainly due to the relative or absolute lack of glucagon, as well as the relative or absolute activity of the oversupply of, or B and A cells dysfunction caused by bilateral hormone.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Ⅰ type diabetes, insulin-secreting cells or total lack of serious damage, very low endogenous insulin secretion, required exogenous insulin therapy. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Ⅱ type diabetes, insulin secretion less obstacles, based on normal or higher insulin levels, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion are generally lower than those of the corresponding weight, that is, the relative lack of insulin.
Deeper understanding of - blood glucose and diabetes
Blood Glucose
Human blood contains a certain concentration of glucose, or blood sugar. Human activities in the supply of blood glucose is the main energy source, the supply of dietary carbohydrate calories the body 60 ~ 70%. Under normal circumstances the human body to maintain the dynamic balance of blood glucose, fluctuations in the 70 ~ 140mg/dl (3.9 ~ 7.8mmol / l) between a maximum of not more than 180mg/dl (10mmol / l). After eating, the gastrointestinal tract to the ingestion of carbohydrate digestion and hydrolysis of polysaccharides into monosaccharides that blood glucose, so that increased blood glucose, with glucose utilization and storage, so that blood glucose decreased gradually. Hunger, the original is stored in the body to release glucose into the blood, so blood sugar rise, to maintain dynamic balance.
Insulin
Distribution of insulin in the pancreas from the tens of thousands of islets, islet cell mass in (- cells to produce insulin is not released through pipes directly into the blood (endocrine).
The role of insulin is to promote the sugar, fat, protein three anabolic nutrients. The main function is to reduce blood sugar, is the only way to lower blood glucose in vivo hormone, once lack or can not play a role in normal blood sugar would rise, the occurrence of diabetes.
Principles of insulin hypoglycemic
After eating, carbohydrate digestion and hydrolysis of polysaccharides into glucose into blood directly stimulate islet (- cells to produce and release insulin into the blood. Insulin in the blood only in liver, muscle and adipose tissue in many of the cell surface insulin receptor combination in order to play a role in blood glucose transporter to the cell for the body to use. insulin is equivalent to "key", the equivalent of insulin receptor "lock", only when the key inserted in lock to open the door of glucose into the cells . the glucose to enter cells through a complex biochemical reactions that produce energy, some of which are supplied directly from the activities of various types of cells, some synthesis of glucose as an energy source glycogen, or synthesis of fat in the form of glucose stored for use where required.
Human blood contains a certain concentration of glucose, or blood sugar. Human activities in the supply of blood glucose is the main energy source, the supply of dietary carbohydrate calories the body 60 ~ 70%. Under normal circumstances the human body to maintain the dynamic balance of blood glucose, fluctuations in the 70 ~ 140mg/dl (3.9 ~ 7.8mmol / l) between a maximum of not more than 180mg/dl (10mmol / l). After eating, the gastrointestinal tract to the ingestion of carbohydrate digestion and hydrolysis of polysaccharides into monosaccharides that blood glucose, so that increased blood glucose, with glucose utilization and storage, so that blood glucose decreased gradually. Hunger, the original is stored in the body to release glucose into the blood, so blood sugar rise, to maintain dynamic balance.
Insulin
Distribution of insulin in the pancreas from the tens of thousands of islets, islet cell mass in (- cells to produce insulin is not released through pipes directly into the blood (endocrine).
The role of insulin is to promote the sugar, fat, protein three anabolic nutrients. The main function is to reduce blood sugar, is the only way to lower blood glucose in vivo hormone, once lack or can not play a role in normal blood sugar would rise, the occurrence of diabetes.
Principles of insulin hypoglycemic
After eating, carbohydrate digestion and hydrolysis of polysaccharides into glucose into blood directly stimulate islet (- cells to produce and release insulin into the blood. Insulin in the blood only in liver, muscle and adipose tissue in many of the cell surface insulin receptor combination in order to play a role in blood glucose transporter to the cell for the body to use. insulin is equivalent to "key", the equivalent of insulin receptor "lock", only when the key inserted in lock to open the door of glucose into the cells . the glucose to enter cells through a complex biochemical reactions that produce energy, some of which are supplied directly from the activities of various types of cells, some synthesis of glucose as an energy source glycogen, or synthesis of fat in the form of glucose stored for use where required.
Long-term high blood sugar diabetes undesirable
Many patients with diabetes, said: "I do not have any feeling of discomfort, eat, sleep, to work, it does not matter", "I have high blood sugar go down, you can not use the", "there will be a long-term side effects of medication" and so on; It is this long-term neglect of the glucose, there is no long-term good control of blood glucose. Bogged down in many diabetic patients makes a variety of chronic complications of diabetes pain. This is the real harm is diabetic!
Diabetes is a chronic elevated blood sugar disease syndrome characterized. Hyperglycemia of the disease is only the most superficial and the performance of high blood sugar in the blood sugar rise behind the large blood vessels, microvascular, neurological damage, we have organ damage such as "chronic complications of diabetes." Which damage occurs is usually unknowingly, when complications arise when a variety of clinical symptoms is more serious. In that case, the long-term high blood sugar which in the end will lead to common chronic complications of this? Can image that the chronic complications of diabetes can be "from head to toe, all over the body."
"High blood sugar status of" major hazard to human performance in the following areas:
(1) has a diuretic effect. A state of high blood sugar, kidney shape of the original sugar content of urine increased, the patient kidney tubular solute concentration of glucose increased the formation of hyperosmolar diuresis, renal tubular absorption of water to reduce the volume of patients increased, the body can cause severe dehydration and even coma.
(2) loss of body electrolytes. With the large number of urine from the body also from the electrolyte. Electrolyte imbalance caused by potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium imbalance caused hyponatremia or hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and so on. Lead to the occurrence of acute cardiovascular.
(3) so that β-cell function are affected. Insulin by the pancreatic β-cell secretion. A state of high blood sugar, blood glucose concentrations increased as a result of stimulating the pancreatic β-cell secretion of insulin, but a long period of stimulation, pancreatic β-cell long-term exposure to high glucose environment, can have a β-cell depletion and loss of sensitive state, and even allows pancreatic β - cell failure.
Diabetes is a chronic elevated blood sugar disease syndrome characterized. Hyperglycemia of the disease is only the most superficial and the performance of high blood sugar in the blood sugar rise behind the large blood vessels, microvascular, neurological damage, we have organ damage such as "chronic complications of diabetes." Which damage occurs is usually unknowingly, when complications arise when a variety of clinical symptoms is more serious. In that case, the long-term high blood sugar which in the end will lead to common chronic complications of this? Can image that the chronic complications of diabetes can be "from head to toe, all over the body."
"High blood sugar status of" major hazard to human performance in the following areas:
(1) has a diuretic effect. A state of high blood sugar, kidney shape of the original sugar content of urine increased, the patient kidney tubular solute concentration of glucose increased the formation of hyperosmolar diuresis, renal tubular absorption of water to reduce the volume of patients increased, the body can cause severe dehydration and even coma.
(2) loss of body electrolytes. With the large number of urine from the body also from the electrolyte. Electrolyte imbalance caused by potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium imbalance caused hyponatremia or hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and so on. Lead to the occurrence of acute cardiovascular.
(3) so that β-cell function are affected. Insulin by the pancreatic β-cell secretion. A state of high blood sugar, blood glucose concentrations increased as a result of stimulating the pancreatic β-cell secretion of insulin, but a long period of stimulation, pancreatic β-cell long-term exposure to high glucose environment, can have a β-cell depletion and loss of sensitive state, and even allows pancreatic β - cell failure.
Diabetes - cerebrovascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease is not specific to diabetes, but diabetes, especially poorly controlled diabetes, cerebral vascular disease caused by one of the important reasons. Diabetes and cerebrovascular disease in patients with diabetes than non-high-4 ~ 10 times. Cerebral vascular disease caused by diabetes in patients with the problem of disability and death.
Diabetes and cerebrovascular pathology major change is atherosclerosis. In diabetic vascular disease, mainly for the number of cerebral thrombosis, cerebral hemorrhage and a relatively small number. Diabetic vascular disease is characterized by a lacunar infarction. Lacunar infarction is caused by small artery disease, cerebral basal ganglia and more because of the deep perforating artery occlusion caused by liquefied after cerebral infarction, 1 ~ 3 months later, the liquefaction of organizations to absorb, and the remaining 0.5 ~ 15 mm diameter of the cavity . Clinical manifestations, often due to recurrent attacks of mild stroke and a cerebral cortex atrophy, lower memory and intelligence, the emergence of more serious dementia, hemiplegia, ataxia, difficulty in life can not take care of themselves and so the situation can lead to severe cases, death.
Cerebrovascular disease is not specific to diabetes, but diabetes, especially poorly controlled diabetes, cerebral vascular disease caused by one of the important reasons. Diabetes and cerebrovascular disease in patients with diabetes than non-high-4 ~ 10 times. Cerebral vascular disease caused by diabetes in patients with the problem of disability and death.
Diabetes and cerebrovascular pathology major change is atherosclerosis. In diabetic vascular disease, mainly for the number of cerebral thrombosis, cerebral hemorrhage and a relatively small number. Diabetic vascular disease is characterized by a lacunar infarction. Lacunar infarction is caused by small artery disease, cerebral basal ganglia and more because of the deep perforating artery occlusion caused by liquefied after cerebral infarction, 1 ~ 3 months later, the liquefaction of organizations to absorb, and the remaining 0.5 ~ 15 mm diameter of the cavity . Clinical manifestations, often due to recurrent attacks of mild stroke and a cerebral cortex atrophy, lower memory and intelligence, the emergence of more serious dementia, hemiplegia, ataxia, difficulty in life can not take care of themselves and so the situation can lead to severe cases, death.
Common eye disease in diabetic
The most common diabetes eye complications is retinopathy. Early diabetic retinopathy may have no symptoms, but with the development of the disease may be blurred vision; front of a small ball-like objects floating; eyes can see the scope of (medically known as the field of vision) significantly reduced than before; night vision less obvious; reading the newspaper, the visual acuity decreased than before, severe retinopathy can lead to retinal hemorrhage, detached retina, and finally lead to blindness.
Secondly, diabetic cataract patients the opportunity to more people and more than the ordinary took place as early as age, severe illness than ordinary people. The main reason is a long-term high blood sugar to increase the speed of the lens opacities. Cataract vision symptoms, depending on the material clear, when reading or doing needlework eyes with a very heavy feeling, if not impossible to do so; eyes feel there is a layer of fog, kneading eyes will always want to see more clearly, but there is not much help; pupil (commonly known as black-eyes) color from black to gray, severe cases, blindness.
In addition, diabetes is also prone to glaucoma, resulting in increased intraocular pressure, if it is not treated in time can lead to blindness. The refractive changes, the old as the emergence of non-diabetic persons than appeared earlier; ophthalmoplegia is another complication, usually in patients with eye movements, as well as obstacles, as the objects in pairs; also may have optic nerve lesions, expressed as a sudden decreased visual acuity.
Secondly, diabetic cataract patients the opportunity to more people and more than the ordinary took place as early as age, severe illness than ordinary people. The main reason is a long-term high blood sugar to increase the speed of the lens opacities. Cataract vision symptoms, depending on the material clear, when reading or doing needlework eyes with a very heavy feeling, if not impossible to do so; eyes feel there is a layer of fog, kneading eyes will always want to see more clearly, but there is not much help; pupil (commonly known as black-eyes) color from black to gray, severe cases, blindness.
In addition, diabetes is also prone to glaucoma, resulting in increased intraocular pressure, if it is not treated in time can lead to blindness. The refractive changes, the old as the emergence of non-diabetic persons than appeared earlier; ophthalmoplegia is another complication, usually in patients with eye movements, as well as obstacles, as the objects in pairs; also may have optic nerve lesions, expressed as a sudden decreased visual acuity.
Can diabetes be judged through fat and thin?
Diabetes, the fat or thin
It can be said that there is no a disease such as diabetes, on weight of the impact is so obvious. Some people eat and drink suddenly, not by body weight and decrease weight loss success of self-righteous, and may be a medical examination on the dumbfounded, and it was diabetes. Some Thin Man found high blood lipids, hypertension, diabetes worry about when it was next to comfort him: "OK, have diabetes are fat, you had not, worry." Can be seen in the relationship between diabetes and body weight issues, there are a lot of errors.
Type 1 diabetes more than "thin-hi"
We are talking about the typical symptoms of diabetes, "a little over 3" (that is, eat more, drink more, urinating more, weight loss), occurred mainly in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Causes of diabetes such as insulin and more "absolute" shortage. Lack of insulin, the body is not easy to save energy, they will be thin. This type of diabetes found in teenagers, pre-onset and more normal body weight or low body weight continued to decline after onset, and more distinctly.
Life in patients with type 1 diabetes need insulin replacement therapy. After reasonable treatment, in patients with type 1 diabetes can be gradually "obese" until normal body weight.
Type 2 Diabetes "There are skinny fat"
Patients with type 2 diabetes the body, then both胖瘦. In general, patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight "history", after the incidence of weight may be reduced, but the weight of the base, and therefore not so obvious. Generally speaking, in the absence of deliberate dieting, the weight loss within one month of more than two kilograms, it is necessary to guard against diabetes, the best to go to the hospital to check blood sugar.
Diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes accounting for 90% of the total, of which 80% with obesity (body mass index BMI greater than 28) or overweight (BMI greater than 25). Type 2 diabetes and the deterioration of the development of the disease and is closely related to fat metabolism, therefore, type 2 diabetes is also known as "sugar disease fat" or "sugar disease." The pathogenesis of obesity is insulin resistance, obesity on the one hand, and more fat cells, fat cells is not sensitive to insulin; on the other hand, there is often accompanied by obesity dyslipidemia, increased free fatty acids, insulin resistance easy to form. In Europe and the United States and other countries, patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight children basic, but in Asian countries, in patients with type 2 diabetes is not such a high obesity rate. BMI in patients with diabetes, many are around 25,26. Therefore, even if slightly overweight people, we must remind diabetes "invasion."
In the lean type 2 diabetes patients, insulin resistance does not seem so obvious. However, as a result of such long-term glycemic control in patients with poor long course, islet cell function in vivo defects in insulin secretion, "relative" shortage, resulting in decreased body weight. Some people think that a shrink? Patients with type 2 diabetes, is converted into 1, and this is wrong. Type 1 diabetes is a major cause of autoimmune and genetic, and type 2 diabetes more than in the genetic background caused by the bad way of life, so they will not transform.
Thin outside fat inside, but also must be on guard against diabetes
Asian diabetic patients the average BMI was not high, but why the incidence of diabetes is higher then all the way? This involves a problem - intra-abdominal fat. Some people do not look fat, but the number of visceral fat and fat cell volume but high performance as "thin outside fat inside." A characteristic of such persons on a greater waist circumference or waist / hip relatively large, it is also known as "abdominal obesity." They often have varying degrees of insulin resistance, in the absence of restrictions on diet or exercise to reduce the accumulation of visceral fat may make islet cell injury, which trigger diabetes.
It can be said that there is no a disease such as diabetes, on weight of the impact is so obvious. Some people eat and drink suddenly, not by body weight and decrease weight loss success of self-righteous, and may be a medical examination on the dumbfounded, and it was diabetes. Some Thin Man found high blood lipids, hypertension, diabetes worry about when it was next to comfort him: "OK, have diabetes are fat, you had not, worry." Can be seen in the relationship between diabetes and body weight issues, there are a lot of errors.
Type 1 diabetes more than "thin-hi"
We are talking about the typical symptoms of diabetes, "a little over 3" (that is, eat more, drink more, urinating more, weight loss), occurred mainly in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Causes of diabetes such as insulin and more "absolute" shortage. Lack of insulin, the body is not easy to save energy, they will be thin. This type of diabetes found in teenagers, pre-onset and more normal body weight or low body weight continued to decline after onset, and more distinctly.
Life in patients with type 1 diabetes need insulin replacement therapy. After reasonable treatment, in patients with type 1 diabetes can be gradually "obese" until normal body weight.
Type 2 Diabetes "There are skinny fat"
Patients with type 2 diabetes the body, then both胖瘦. In general, patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight "history", after the incidence of weight may be reduced, but the weight of the base, and therefore not so obvious. Generally speaking, in the absence of deliberate dieting, the weight loss within one month of more than two kilograms, it is necessary to guard against diabetes, the best to go to the hospital to check blood sugar.
Diabetes mellitus type 2 diabetes accounting for 90% of the total, of which 80% with obesity (body mass index BMI greater than 28) or overweight (BMI greater than 25). Type 2 diabetes and the deterioration of the development of the disease and is closely related to fat metabolism, therefore, type 2 diabetes is also known as "sugar disease fat" or "sugar disease." The pathogenesis of obesity is insulin resistance, obesity on the one hand, and more fat cells, fat cells is not sensitive to insulin; on the other hand, there is often accompanied by obesity dyslipidemia, increased free fatty acids, insulin resistance easy to form. In Europe and the United States and other countries, patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight children basic, but in Asian countries, in patients with type 2 diabetes is not such a high obesity rate. BMI in patients with diabetes, many are around 25,26. Therefore, even if slightly overweight people, we must remind diabetes "invasion."
In the lean type 2 diabetes patients, insulin resistance does not seem so obvious. However, as a result of such long-term glycemic control in patients with poor long course, islet cell function in vivo defects in insulin secretion, "relative" shortage, resulting in decreased body weight. Some people think that a shrink? Patients with type 2 diabetes, is converted into 1, and this is wrong. Type 1 diabetes is a major cause of autoimmune and genetic, and type 2 diabetes more than in the genetic background caused by the bad way of life, so they will not transform.
Thin outside fat inside, but also must be on guard against diabetes
Asian diabetic patients the average BMI was not high, but why the incidence of diabetes is higher then all the way? This involves a problem - intra-abdominal fat. Some people do not look fat, but the number of visceral fat and fat cell volume but high performance as "thin outside fat inside." A characteristic of such persons on a greater waist circumference or waist / hip relatively large, it is also known as "abdominal obesity." They often have varying degrees of insulin resistance, in the absence of restrictions on diet or exercise to reduce the accumulation of visceral fat may make islet cell injury, which trigger diabetes.
Six reasons cause diabetes
Eat a little more than
With the people's living standards, long-term unreasonable irregular diet, high-fat, high protein, high-energy lead to obesity, so that the pancreas of work over many years in a state of tension, of giving rise to a long-standing insulin resistance, elevated blood glucose result . Therefore, in order to control the occurrence of diabetes, as far as possible adhere to the diversification of food, eat some roughage to maintain nutritional balance, scientific computing total calories, high fiber, low salt, temperance and prohibition of sweets.
sports too little
The regular movement of people than those who are not regular exercise and longevity, the risk of diabetes is also much smaller. Experts, where appropriate, increase the movement of tissue sensitivity to insulin, so blood glucose by increasing the use of muscle tissue, reduce blood sugar. Even in patients with severe diabetes, as long as adequate exercise, but also conducive to improving the condition.
Sleep a bit too late
Lack of sleep disorders are closely related with blood glucose control, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes, the disease will add to the lack of sleep. Scientific research personnel of the 161 patients with type 2 diabetes study found that sleep duration and sleep quality directly affect their condition. Often could not sleep or poor sleep quality of patients with unstable blood sugar significantly.
A little body fat
Epidemiological data show that the more serious the degree of obesity, diabetes, the higher the probability of incidence. Moderate obesity the incidence of diabetes than normal weight with the age of 4 times, and a high incidence of diabetes in obese and normal weight for 21 times.
Long-term regular exercise to lose weight, increase lipolysis, increase the number of insulin and improve insulin sensitivity and is conducive to the prevention of diabetes.
More than a little depressing
The study found that adverse sentiment is an important disease of diabetes, "the main culprit." The number of human insulin secretion, in addition affected by the endocrine hormone and blood sugar regulation and other factors, but also by the impact of autonomic function. When a person in a state of tension, anxiety, fear or emotional shock, the sympathetic nervous excited directly inhibit insulin secretion; At the same time to increase the epinephrine secretion indirectly inhibit insulin secretion. If the bad feelings exist for a long time, it may lead to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, insulin secretion so that the tendency to be less than the end fixed, and then lead to diabetes. Emotional factors on the adverse effects of insulin secretion, more pronounced in the elderly. Therefore, diabetic patients should maintain emotional stability, optimism, open-minded, non-thinking, appropriate to control their emotions and reduce the anxiety and excitement.
Gene changed a little
In recent years the international community put forward a theory receptor gene that produce insulin and the role is to ensure that the prerequisite for the normal blood sugar. The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes produce insulin, there is no problem, that is to say islet function is not bad, mainly the number and quality of insulin receptor defects, leading to insulin can not fully play its role due to increased blood sugar. Some scholars believe that the incidence of diabetes is now so high, and our fathers in the last century on behalf of 1950s do not have enough rice, resulting in degradation of insulin receptor gene in order to give their children genetic dysfunction of the islet.
With the people's living standards, long-term unreasonable irregular diet, high-fat, high protein, high-energy lead to obesity, so that the pancreas of work over many years in a state of tension, of giving rise to a long-standing insulin resistance, elevated blood glucose result . Therefore, in order to control the occurrence of diabetes, as far as possible adhere to the diversification of food, eat some roughage to maintain nutritional balance, scientific computing total calories, high fiber, low salt, temperance and prohibition of sweets.
sports too little
The regular movement of people than those who are not regular exercise and longevity, the risk of diabetes is also much smaller. Experts, where appropriate, increase the movement of tissue sensitivity to insulin, so blood glucose by increasing the use of muscle tissue, reduce blood sugar. Even in patients with severe diabetes, as long as adequate exercise, but also conducive to improving the condition.
Sleep a bit too late
Lack of sleep disorders are closely related with blood glucose control, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes, the disease will add to the lack of sleep. Scientific research personnel of the 161 patients with type 2 diabetes study found that sleep duration and sleep quality directly affect their condition. Often could not sleep or poor sleep quality of patients with unstable blood sugar significantly.
A little body fat
Epidemiological data show that the more serious the degree of obesity, diabetes, the higher the probability of incidence. Moderate obesity the incidence of diabetes than normal weight with the age of 4 times, and a high incidence of diabetes in obese and normal weight for 21 times.
Long-term regular exercise to lose weight, increase lipolysis, increase the number of insulin and improve insulin sensitivity and is conducive to the prevention of diabetes.
More than a little depressing
The study found that adverse sentiment is an important disease of diabetes, "the main culprit." The number of human insulin secretion, in addition affected by the endocrine hormone and blood sugar regulation and other factors, but also by the impact of autonomic function. When a person in a state of tension, anxiety, fear or emotional shock, the sympathetic nervous excited directly inhibit insulin secretion; At the same time to increase the epinephrine secretion indirectly inhibit insulin secretion. If the bad feelings exist for a long time, it may lead to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, insulin secretion so that the tendency to be less than the end fixed, and then lead to diabetes. Emotional factors on the adverse effects of insulin secretion, more pronounced in the elderly. Therefore, diabetic patients should maintain emotional stability, optimism, open-minded, non-thinking, appropriate to control their emotions and reduce the anxiety and excitement.
Gene changed a little
In recent years the international community put forward a theory receptor gene that produce insulin and the role is to ensure that the prerequisite for the normal blood sugar. The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes produce insulin, there is no problem, that is to say islet function is not bad, mainly the number and quality of insulin receptor defects, leading to insulin can not fully play its role due to increased blood sugar. Some scholars believe that the incidence of diabetes is now so high, and our fathers in the last century on behalf of 1950s do not have enough rice, resulting in degradation of insulin receptor gene in order to give their children genetic dysfunction of the islet.
A series of complications of diabetes is terrible
In the medical report, the biochemical type of inspection that almost always have a blood sugar, blood glucose and physical examination is usually at the time of fasting blood glucose. Diagnosed with diabetes before in general there will be three stages: First, fasting blood sugar is not high, high postprandial blood glucose; Second, high fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose is not high; Third, postprandial fasting blood glucose are high during this period called pre-diabetes only when blood glucose> 11.1mmol / l when diabetes was diagnosed.
Diabetes is not terrible, terrible is going to be a series of complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, which is not reversible, can cause blindness; diabetic nephropathy, renal failure will be caused, resulting in uremia; diabetic diseases of the nervous system will cause the body pain; diabetic foot, will be perceived as insensitive feet can be easily burned, leading to the old bad legs; can not operate on these patients, otherwise not easy to heal the wound.
Diabetes is not terrible, terrible is going to be a series of complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, which is not reversible, can cause blindness; diabetic nephropathy, renal failure will be caused, resulting in uremia; diabetic diseases of the nervous system will cause the body pain; diabetic foot, will be perceived as insensitive feet can be easily burned, leading to the old bad legs; can not operate on these patients, otherwise not easy to heal the wound.
Diabetes patients should pay special attention to feet
Some times you can see a notice of "before entering the examination room to take off his shoes and socks." out of the waiting room. Because the expert to examine every foot in diabetic patients.
Why is he so great importance to check the patient's feet do? Because of severe diabetes, can occur in patients with foot ulcers, foot necrosis, or even the need for amputation. This is one of serious complications of diabetes, called diabetic foot.
Nerve damage and more lesions
In patients with diabetic foot, there are three main reasons. First, patients with peripheral diabetic neuropathy, so that the foot sensory loss on the feet of cold, heat, do not feel pain. Although we do not make a good thing, but in reality the pain is normal, is aware of the warning issued by the body that there is need to avoid harm to people is good. Do not know the pain of diabetic patients, such as shoes, there are stars pebbles, because do not feel it will be sustained by the wear and tear injury. In addition, neuropathy may reduce foot sweating, caused by dry skin and cracks easily; toe neuropathy will allow bending, deformation or even adequate. Second, the vascular disease of diabetes, blood flow will reduce the foot. In this way, patients with diabetes of the injuries, the result of lack of sufficient oxygen and it is very difficult to heal. Third, in the above basis, the infection will be injured.
Numbness in hands and feet to prevent diabetic foot
If patients with diabetes over the age of 60, had foot ulcers, the eye has retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy or have vascular disease, especially hand-foot terminal patients feel numb, but should pay attention to the prevention of diabetic foot.
How can we do to prevent diabetic foot? There are three main points: first, to early detection and early treatment of diabetes, making blood glucose control to near normal, this can greatly reduce its incidence. The second is to quit smoking. In addition to the attention of foot inspection and care.
Patients with diabetes should check the feet daily, the soles of the feet and toes, not clear if the soles of the feet can put a mirror on the ground to check. Inspection of the feet and hands and eyes to see whether the rough skin of the foot, chapped, cut, blistering, whether or not to touch the foot throughout the cold, too hot and not feel part of. Should the above-mentioned circumstances, the doctor should be promptly dealt with, or a night on the possibility of change. Patients with feet a day, but the water temperature to adjust the best by their families. Because of numbness in the foot in patients with non-perception, if the bubble into the hot water without feeling blisters cause burns. In addition, if the dry skin can be rubbed on the moisturizer after washing. Patients should not walk barefoot to avoid injury, even in the room also must wear slippers, wear shoes and socks out. Shoes before in patients, but also check the inside of shoes, whether the injustice and processes, with particular attention to whether or not falling into the shoes of the buttons, pins, coins, keys, pebbles and so on. If it is found in patients with long feet corns or calluses pumice stone can be used up to gently rub a thin keratinized layer, the chicken will never be sold or medicine treatment of eye ointment, and the best way would be better to invite a doctor; At the same time, it is necessary to search a Richard shoes with corns or the corresponding part of the corpus callosum whether there are processes. Patients with normal, the feet warm blanket can not be used, if the feet can be really cold to wear thick wool socks soft; in order to increase blood flow, but also the activities of the foot properly.
To avoid the occurrence of diabetic foot amputation
If patients with diabetes have foot ulcers, is still not as usual activities, it is very dangerous as it can develop into a full necrosis, shall immediately request the specialist diagnosis and treatment. Control the treatment of diabetic foot basis, in addition to anti-infection, but also strict control of blood glucose. In addition, there are two commonly used methods. First, use of hyperbaric oxygen treatment in order to increase tissue oxygen levels, to combat the effects of ischemia and promote wound healing; and can improve the anti-leukocyte function, inhibit the propagation of anaerobic bacteria. Second, with the use of a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor gel for external use, treatment of local injury. Combination of these treatments can be effective treatment of diabetic foot ulcers partial.
In order to prevent diabetes in patients with diabetic foot, to buy shoes, and socks will also contribute greatly to learning. Shoes must be elected loose fit, do not buy just the foot together; cotton socks to choose, stop being stubborn and comfortable, we just can not buy non-Sweat-absorbent nylon socks. Patients with diabetic foot as long as the attention to these problems, and blood glucose control to near normal levels, due to diabetic foot and amputation can be avoided.
Why is he so great importance to check the patient's feet do? Because of severe diabetes, can occur in patients with foot ulcers, foot necrosis, or even the need for amputation. This is one of serious complications of diabetes, called diabetic foot.
Nerve damage and more lesions
In patients with diabetic foot, there are three main reasons. First, patients with peripheral diabetic neuropathy, so that the foot sensory loss on the feet of cold, heat, do not feel pain. Although we do not make a good thing, but in reality the pain is normal, is aware of the warning issued by the body that there is need to avoid harm to people is good. Do not know the pain of diabetic patients, such as shoes, there are stars pebbles, because do not feel it will be sustained by the wear and tear injury. In addition, neuropathy may reduce foot sweating, caused by dry skin and cracks easily; toe neuropathy will allow bending, deformation or even adequate. Second, the vascular disease of diabetes, blood flow will reduce the foot. In this way, patients with diabetes of the injuries, the result of lack of sufficient oxygen and it is very difficult to heal. Third, in the above basis, the infection will be injured.
Numbness in hands and feet to prevent diabetic foot
If patients with diabetes over the age of 60, had foot ulcers, the eye has retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy or have vascular disease, especially hand-foot terminal patients feel numb, but should pay attention to the prevention of diabetic foot.
How can we do to prevent diabetic foot? There are three main points: first, to early detection and early treatment of diabetes, making blood glucose control to near normal, this can greatly reduce its incidence. The second is to quit smoking. In addition to the attention of foot inspection and care.
Patients with diabetes should check the feet daily, the soles of the feet and toes, not clear if the soles of the feet can put a mirror on the ground to check. Inspection of the feet and hands and eyes to see whether the rough skin of the foot, chapped, cut, blistering, whether or not to touch the foot throughout the cold, too hot and not feel part of. Should the above-mentioned circumstances, the doctor should be promptly dealt with, or a night on the possibility of change. Patients with feet a day, but the water temperature to adjust the best by their families. Because of numbness in the foot in patients with non-perception, if the bubble into the hot water without feeling blisters cause burns. In addition, if the dry skin can be rubbed on the moisturizer after washing. Patients should not walk barefoot to avoid injury, even in the room also must wear slippers, wear shoes and socks out. Shoes before in patients, but also check the inside of shoes, whether the injustice and processes, with particular attention to whether or not falling into the shoes of the buttons, pins, coins, keys, pebbles and so on. If it is found in patients with long feet corns or calluses pumice stone can be used up to gently rub a thin keratinized layer, the chicken will never be sold or medicine treatment of eye ointment, and the best way would be better to invite a doctor; At the same time, it is necessary to search a Richard shoes with corns or the corresponding part of the corpus callosum whether there are processes. Patients with normal, the feet warm blanket can not be used, if the feet can be really cold to wear thick wool socks soft; in order to increase blood flow, but also the activities of the foot properly.
To avoid the occurrence of diabetic foot amputation
If patients with diabetes have foot ulcers, is still not as usual activities, it is very dangerous as it can develop into a full necrosis, shall immediately request the specialist diagnosis and treatment. Control the treatment of diabetic foot basis, in addition to anti-infection, but also strict control of blood glucose. In addition, there are two commonly used methods. First, use of hyperbaric oxygen treatment in order to increase tissue oxygen levels, to combat the effects of ischemia and promote wound healing; and can improve the anti-leukocyte function, inhibit the propagation of anaerobic bacteria. Second, with the use of a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor gel for external use, treatment of local injury. Combination of these treatments can be effective treatment of diabetic foot ulcers partial.
In order to prevent diabetes in patients with diabetic foot, to buy shoes, and socks will also contribute greatly to learning. Shoes must be elected loose fit, do not buy just the foot together; cotton socks to choose, stop being stubborn and comfortable, we just can not buy non-Sweat-absorbent nylon socks. Patients with diabetic foot as long as the attention to these problems, and blood glucose control to near normal levels, due to diabetic foot and amputation can be avoided.
Balanced diabetes diet
The incidence and treatment of diabetes and diet are closely related to excessive eating makes the imbalance between energy intake and consumption, leading to accumulation of human energy and eventually lead to obesity, which has a tendency to diabetes. In diabetic patients, the diet may be unreasonable to allow patients with high blood sugar, or ups and downs, and a reasonable diet with appropriate exercise, drugs and good self-management, diabetes can not be a runaway horse. Dr. Ji suggest to you if you want to stay away from diabetes, we must strike a balance diet and weight control.
Diet is not extreme
Many people misunderstand the balanced diet, and some because of fear of increased blood sugar, diet is too strict, and even anorexia, malnutrition, and some patients to control the staple food only for meat, snack foods not be controlled, these practices are not taken. Why is it, how to "eat" is reasonable? Every day, we all need to get from the food needs of a variety of human nutrition, essential nutrients including protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and water, the supply of various nutrients and the balance must be sufficient to meet the body's normal physiological need to maintain human health. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the daily energy intake at the same time, the total control of heat, that is, through a balanced diet to achieve weight control.
Protein and fat intake need to be cautious in
Protein accounted for the heat should be controlled in 15-20% of total calories, the general population and diabetic patients may be 1.2-1.5 g / kg / day supply; diabetes mellitus in the diet on kidney patients should pay attention to the physical value of eating a high quality protein (animal protein such as fish, beef, pork, etc.), and proteinuria in patients with overt protein intake should be limited to 0.8 grams / kg following.
In addition, fat intake can be controlled in the accounting for 20-25% of total calories, saturated fat should be less than 7% of total calories, cholesterol, diabetes daily intake should be less than 200 milligrams, it is necessary to limit the animal fat and with saturated fatty acids with high fat intake, eat less fried, deep-fried, pastries and pork, chicken, liver, kidney and other food animal offal.
Consumption of coarse grains and more healthy
In the control of the premise of total calories, carbohydrates should account for 55-60% of total calories (to control carbohydrate foods can be found to calculate the glycemic index). Diet, we should be more choice of complex carbohydrates and coarse grains, especially high-fiber-rich vegetables, legumes, whole grains. For diabetic patients, the single carbohydrate intake should be strictly limited, such as sucrose, maltose, glucose and other sugars, as well as containing more of these foods, the calorie share of monosaccharides is less than 10% of total calories. Over low-sugar diet for diabetes treatment guidelines is not recommended. In order to improve the taste, the use of diabetic patients do not wish to have a calorie sweeteners, xylitol were commonly used, the sugar sweetness is 300 times, and the other artificial sweeteners for sugar amino acids. Daily consumption of these sweeteners on the scope of the general population with diabetes and are safe.
Diabetes diet recommendations friend
Friends for diabetes, a reasonable diet individualized diet plan is whether the long-lasting protection, food program must be in line with the actual situation of patients. And carbohydrates, fat, protein ratio of the three major nutrients also varies from person to person, for wasting in patients with type 1 diabetes, young people with type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus should also consider these groups of patients with the actual requirements of the heat we can not make generalizations . In addition, attention and exercise and drugs so that patients with good blood sugar remained stable standards, so as to effectively control the disease.
First, patients with diabetes can drink it?
I like to drink and can allow a small number of patients with alcohol intake, such as 100-150 ml of red wine daily. Should not be encouraged to drink liquor. Also to note is that an empty stomach can lead to alcohol use or the use of agents to promote secretion of insulin in patients with hypoglycemia, and alcohol consumption should be at the same time.
Second, in the face of what to eat rich food
Diabetes should be less selection light oil and less salt food. Can not be that heavy, semi-semi-prime meat dishes only on eating vegetable does not matter. Attention should be paid less oil when cooking, and dishes used for cooking should be steamed, boiled, cold, rinse, burning, roasting, stewing, halogen, etc.. Vegetable cooking oil suitable to minimize the feast. In accordance with the usual dinner at home must also eat and food at the time of the match to choose between meals.
Third, "and more meat, eat less" may not be scientific
Some people think that meat is protein, rice is the sugar, therefore, more meat will not cause elevated blood sugar, In fact, the meat into the body can also provide sugar and fat.
Fourth, quantitative timing, do not loose
Attention to the law to eat, eat three meals a day at least, but also from time to time, quantitative, interval between two meals 4-5 hours. Injection of insulin hypoglycemia prone patients or patients who should be in three-tim 2-3 times between meals snacks, that is absorbed from the three meals a part of food snacks to remain so, and it is effective to prevent low blood sugar measures.
V, sugar-free cakes, can not eat
The so-called sugar-free cakes, there is no sugar, but the cake is the food is the polysaccharide, the same will produce heat, they can not eat.
Six, "more food, more medicine," is a misunderstanding
Eat more than that, and then eat some drugs can not affect the elevated blood sugar, which is not desirable! Because more medicine does not have the desired effect, side effects also increase! More food will be increased blood sugar and lead to weight gain.
Seven, not the amount of snacks
We suggest that diabetics should be eatless but more times, but some patients mistakenly believe that it is a limited appetite snacks plus meals outside, thereby increasing the appetite, resulting in elevated blood sugar, and some even snacks such as peanuts, seeds and other snacks when for snacks, these foods contain a large number of oils and fats, more desirable!
Pat, how to eat fruit
Mainly fructose with fruit, its sweet, but the Health and glycemic index (refers to eat each food, the increase in blood glucose as a speed and power) is not high, and fruit are rich in vitamins, mineral and dietary fiber. Diabetes and blood sugar to normal levels over time can smooth consumption, but patients with diabetes to eat the fruit of the concept must be quantitative, should be based on fruit sugar content, starch content and a variety of different fruits of the Glycemic Index. Consumption of the general 3-4 day two, the choice of when to choose low glycemic index fruit.
Recommended optional: every 100 grams of fruit in less than 10 grams of sugar content of fruits, including cucumbers, watermelons, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, peaches, plums, apricot, loquat, pineapple, strawberry, cherry and so on. 100 grams of each type of fruit can provide 20-40 kcal of energy.
Carefully chosen: every 100 grams of fruit sugar content is 11-20 grams of fruit, including bananas, pomegranates, melons, oranges, apples, pears, lychees, mangoes and so on. 100 grams of each type of fruit can provide 50-90 kcal of energy.
Should not be chosen: Each 100 grams of fruit sugar content of more than 20 grams of fruit, including dates, red, especially the dry date, dates, dried persimmons, raisins, longans, such as dried fruits and fruit consumption should be prohibited. Especially high sugar content of fresh fruit, such as Fuji apples, persimmons, Feicheng peach, melon, Muscat Hamburg grapes, jujube, peach, also not fit for human consumption. 100 grams of each type of fruit to provide more than 100 kcal of energy.
Diet is not extreme
Many people misunderstand the balanced diet, and some because of fear of increased blood sugar, diet is too strict, and even anorexia, malnutrition, and some patients to control the staple food only for meat, snack foods not be controlled, these practices are not taken. Why is it, how to "eat" is reasonable? Every day, we all need to get from the food needs of a variety of human nutrition, essential nutrients including protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and water, the supply of various nutrients and the balance must be sufficient to meet the body's normal physiological need to maintain human health. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the daily energy intake at the same time, the total control of heat, that is, through a balanced diet to achieve weight control.
Protein and fat intake need to be cautious in
Protein accounted for the heat should be controlled in 15-20% of total calories, the general population and diabetic patients may be 1.2-1.5 g / kg / day supply; diabetes mellitus in the diet on kidney patients should pay attention to the physical value of eating a high quality protein (animal protein such as fish, beef, pork, etc.), and proteinuria in patients with overt protein intake should be limited to 0.8 grams / kg following.
In addition, fat intake can be controlled in the accounting for 20-25% of total calories, saturated fat should be less than 7% of total calories, cholesterol, diabetes daily intake should be less than 200 milligrams, it is necessary to limit the animal fat and with saturated fatty acids with high fat intake, eat less fried, deep-fried, pastries and pork, chicken, liver, kidney and other food animal offal.
Consumption of coarse grains and more healthy
In the control of the premise of total calories, carbohydrates should account for 55-60% of total calories (to control carbohydrate foods can be found to calculate the glycemic index). Diet, we should be more choice of complex carbohydrates and coarse grains, especially high-fiber-rich vegetables, legumes, whole grains. For diabetic patients, the single carbohydrate intake should be strictly limited, such as sucrose, maltose, glucose and other sugars, as well as containing more of these foods, the calorie share of monosaccharides is less than 10% of total calories. Over low-sugar diet for diabetes treatment guidelines is not recommended. In order to improve the taste, the use of diabetic patients do not wish to have a calorie sweeteners, xylitol were commonly used, the sugar sweetness is 300 times, and the other artificial sweeteners for sugar amino acids. Daily consumption of these sweeteners on the scope of the general population with diabetes and are safe.
Diabetes diet recommendations friend
Friends for diabetes, a reasonable diet individualized diet plan is whether the long-lasting protection, food program must be in line with the actual situation of patients. And carbohydrates, fat, protein ratio of the three major nutrients also varies from person to person, for wasting in patients with type 1 diabetes, young people with type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus should also consider these groups of patients with the actual requirements of the heat we can not make generalizations . In addition, attention and exercise and drugs so that patients with good blood sugar remained stable standards, so as to effectively control the disease.
First, patients with diabetes can drink it?
I like to drink and can allow a small number of patients with alcohol intake, such as 100-150 ml of red wine daily. Should not be encouraged to drink liquor. Also to note is that an empty stomach can lead to alcohol use or the use of agents to promote secretion of insulin in patients with hypoglycemia, and alcohol consumption should be at the same time.
Second, in the face of what to eat rich food
Diabetes should be less selection light oil and less salt food. Can not be that heavy, semi-semi-prime meat dishes only on eating vegetable does not matter. Attention should be paid less oil when cooking, and dishes used for cooking should be steamed, boiled, cold, rinse, burning, roasting, stewing, halogen, etc.. Vegetable cooking oil suitable to minimize the feast. In accordance with the usual dinner at home must also eat and food at the time of the match to choose between meals.
Third, "and more meat, eat less" may not be scientific
Some people think that meat is protein, rice is the sugar, therefore, more meat will not cause elevated blood sugar, In fact, the meat into the body can also provide sugar and fat.
Fourth, quantitative timing, do not loose
Attention to the law to eat, eat three meals a day at least, but also from time to time, quantitative, interval between two meals 4-5 hours. Injection of insulin hypoglycemia prone patients or patients who should be in three-tim 2-3 times between meals snacks, that is absorbed from the three meals a part of food snacks to remain so, and it is effective to prevent low blood sugar measures.
V, sugar-free cakes, can not eat
The so-called sugar-free cakes, there is no sugar, but the cake is the food is the polysaccharide, the same will produce heat, they can not eat.
Six, "more food, more medicine," is a misunderstanding
Eat more than that, and then eat some drugs can not affect the elevated blood sugar, which is not desirable! Because more medicine does not have the desired effect, side effects also increase! More food will be increased blood sugar and lead to weight gain.
Seven, not the amount of snacks
We suggest that diabetics should be eatless but more times, but some patients mistakenly believe that it is a limited appetite snacks plus meals outside, thereby increasing the appetite, resulting in elevated blood sugar, and some even snacks such as peanuts, seeds and other snacks when for snacks, these foods contain a large number of oils and fats, more desirable!
Pat, how to eat fruit
Mainly fructose with fruit, its sweet, but the Health and glycemic index (refers to eat each food, the increase in blood glucose as a speed and power) is not high, and fruit are rich in vitamins, mineral and dietary fiber. Diabetes and blood sugar to normal levels over time can smooth consumption, but patients with diabetes to eat the fruit of the concept must be quantitative, should be based on fruit sugar content, starch content and a variety of different fruits of the Glycemic Index. Consumption of the general 3-4 day two, the choice of when to choose low glycemic index fruit.
Recommended optional: every 100 grams of fruit in less than 10 grams of sugar content of fruits, including cucumbers, watermelons, oranges, grapefruit, lemons, peaches, plums, apricot, loquat, pineapple, strawberry, cherry and so on. 100 grams of each type of fruit can provide 20-40 kcal of energy.
Carefully chosen: every 100 grams of fruit sugar content is 11-20 grams of fruit, including bananas, pomegranates, melons, oranges, apples, pears, lychees, mangoes and so on. 100 grams of each type of fruit can provide 50-90 kcal of energy.
Should not be chosen: Each 100 grams of fruit sugar content of more than 20 grams of fruit, including dates, red, especially the dry date, dates, dried persimmons, raisins, longans, such as dried fruits and fruit consumption should be prohibited. Especially high sugar content of fresh fruit, such as Fuji apples, persimmons, Feicheng peach, melon, Muscat Hamburg grapes, jujube, peach, also not fit for human consumption. 100 grams of each type of fruit to provide more than 100 kcal of energy.
Six cognitive errors of diabetes
A misunderstanding: I am still young and will not have diabetes
The rhythm of modern life, tension, work pressure, eating habits is the tendency of Western high-fat, high protein, high-calorie food, sitting with much less movement, irregular diet, so many people now more than 40-year-old was diagnosed on for diabetes.
Misunderstanding 2: Small symptoms do not care, diabetes emerged
Can not be typical of a small number of more than 3 to determine whether they had diabetes, different types, different stages of severity of diabetes may have different symptoms such as itchy skin, and so could not spot the signs of diabetes.
Misunderstanding three: eat more vegetarian-friendly cereals
More coarse grains contain dietary fiber, have hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, laxative effect, but eating too much roughage, it is possible to increase the burden and impact of gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients, causing malnutrition.
Misunderstanding four: sugar-free food does not affect blood sugar
The so-called sugar-free foods, generally refers to non-sugar or other sweeteners such as xylitol and other alternative foods, these sweeteners are not sugar or low card calorie sugar production. However, sugar-free cookies, sugar-free bread and other food remains are to do will stop these foods into glucose in the body caused by elevated blood sugar. Therefore, such foods should still be factored into the framework of total calorie consumption is not excessive.
Misunderstanding Five: diet therapy is the hunger
Many people believe that the less food and more effective control of the disease. In fact as a result of insufficient food intake, total calories can not meet the needs of metabolism caused by body fat, excessive protein decomposition, the body weight loss, malnutrition, resulting in low blood sugar, or even starvation of ketosis.
Six errors: do not use the drug on the control diet
Some patients, an increase of that diet, eat more points on the hypoglycemic agents can be offset to eat more food, in fact, this is wrong. If overeating would increase the burden on the pancreas, due to drug overdose side effects of drugs will increase the probability of occurrence; grain rice does not enter, the situation will hypoglycemia is not conducive to disease control.
The rhythm of modern life, tension, work pressure, eating habits is the tendency of Western high-fat, high protein, high-calorie food, sitting with much less movement, irregular diet, so many people now more than 40-year-old was diagnosed on for diabetes.
Misunderstanding 2: Small symptoms do not care, diabetes emerged
Can not be typical of a small number of more than 3 to determine whether they had diabetes, different types, different stages of severity of diabetes may have different symptoms such as itchy skin, and so could not spot the signs of diabetes.
Misunderstanding three: eat more vegetarian-friendly cereals
More coarse grains contain dietary fiber, have hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, laxative effect, but eating too much roughage, it is possible to increase the burden and impact of gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients, causing malnutrition.
Misunderstanding four: sugar-free food does not affect blood sugar
The so-called sugar-free foods, generally refers to non-sugar or other sweeteners such as xylitol and other alternative foods, these sweeteners are not sugar or low card calorie sugar production. However, sugar-free cookies, sugar-free bread and other food remains are to do will stop these foods into glucose in the body caused by elevated blood sugar. Therefore, such foods should still be factored into the framework of total calorie consumption is not excessive.
Misunderstanding Five: diet therapy is the hunger
Many people believe that the less food and more effective control of the disease. In fact as a result of insufficient food intake, total calories can not meet the needs of metabolism caused by body fat, excessive protein decomposition, the body weight loss, malnutrition, resulting in low blood sugar, or even starvation of ketosis.
Six errors: do not use the drug on the control diet
Some patients, an increase of that diet, eat more points on the hypoglycemic agents can be offset to eat more food, in fact, this is wrong. If overeating would increase the burden on the pancreas, due to drug overdose side effects of drugs will increase the probability of occurrence; grain rice does not enter, the situation will hypoglycemia is not conducive to disease control.
16 diabetes early warning signal
Diabetes is a common, frequently-occurring disease in the world and have a high incidence of positive upward trend year after year, cardiovascular and cancer become the third place after the "health killer." Diabetes is a body organ of the impact of chronic diseases, diabetes can lead to blindness, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, renal failure, neuropathy, limb gangrene resulting in amputation, coma and other complications of serious impact on quality of life. Diseases in humans caused by a chronic disease of many diseases, diabetes, before the first course.
The following circumstances shall be alert diabetes:
1, more drink, more food, more urine, weak persons;
2, can not find the reasons for weight loss, especially the original obesity, recent weight loss are;
3, carbuncle furuncle risk, in particular, occurred in the winter;
4, repeated urinary tract, biliary tract, lungs or other infected persons;
5, instead of female genital itching Trichomonas infection;
6, there are sensory disturbance, pain, Ma until symptoms such as peripheral neuritis;
7, the earlier emergence of cataract or visual acuity were reduced;
8, intermittent claudication, lower limb pain are;
9, lower extremity ulcers were healed久不;
10, edema, proteinuria, nephropathy were similar;
11, urinary retention, constipation or diarrhea refractory persons;
12, symptoms of early atherosclerosis, such as angina, myocardial infarction.
13, there is a great baby birth (weight more than 4 kg) history;
14, there are those who respond to low blood sugar (easy to hunger, palpitation, sweating);
15, in particular thin or obese persons;
16, family history of diabetes and more than 40 years of age.
The following circumstances shall be alert diabetes:
1, more drink, more food, more urine, weak persons;
2, can not find the reasons for weight loss, especially the original obesity, recent weight loss are;
3, carbuncle furuncle risk, in particular, occurred in the winter;
4, repeated urinary tract, biliary tract, lungs or other infected persons;
5, instead of female genital itching Trichomonas infection;
6, there are sensory disturbance, pain, Ma until symptoms such as peripheral neuritis;
7, the earlier emergence of cataract or visual acuity were reduced;
8, intermittent claudication, lower limb pain are;
9, lower extremity ulcers were healed久不;
10, edema, proteinuria, nephropathy were similar;
11, urinary retention, constipation or diarrhea refractory persons;
12, symptoms of early atherosclerosis, such as angina, myocardial infarction.
13, there is a great baby birth (weight more than 4 kg) history;
14, there are those who respond to low blood sugar (easy to hunger, palpitation, sweating);
15, in particular thin or obese persons;
16, family history of diabetes and more than 40 years of age.
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